# Energy Storage — Batteries, Pumped Hydro, CAES and All Technologies

**URL:** https://thecodex.expert/energy/storage/
**Session:** 21 | **Date:** 2026-05-03

## Summary

Energy storage encompasses all technologies that capture energy at one time and release it at another. Pumped Hydro Storage (PHS): ~160 GW / 9,000 GWh globally (~90% of all storage), roundtrip efficiency 70-85%, Bath County USA (38.19N 79.81W, 3,003 MW — world's largest), Tehri PSP India (30.38N 78.48E, 1,000 MW). Li-ion BESS (LFP): ~85 GW / 200 GWh global, $120-150/kWh capital cost (down 89% since 2013), RTE 88-95%, 4,000+ cycles, Tesla Megapack/CATL TENER, Moss Landing (36.81N 121.79W, 182.5 MW), Hornsea Power Reserve Australia (33.02S 138.55E, 150 MW). Vanadium flow batteries: 20,000+ cycles, Dalian China (38.90N 121.63E, 100 MW/400 MWh — world's largest). CAES: Huntorf Germany (53.92N 9.08E, 321 MW, 1978 — world's first), McIntosh Alabama (31.42N 86.68W, 110 MW). Iron-air: Form Energy, $20/kWh target, 100-hour duration. India targets: 51.5 GW pumped storage by 2031-32 (CEA NEP 2023), 41.65 GWh BESS by 2026-27. Sources: IEA Energy Storage Tracking 2024, Lazard LCOS v9.0, BNEF 2024, CEA India NEP 2023.