{"id":"archimedes","domain":"geometry","type":"Person","title":"Archimedes","slug":"archimedes","url":"/mathematics/geometry/archimedes/","born":"c. 287 BCE","born_place":"Syracuse, Sicily","died":"212 BCE","died_place":"Syracuse (Roman siege)","summary":"Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer. Bounded pi, invented method of exhaustion (proto-calculus), founded hydrostatics and statics. Killed during Roman capture of Syracuse.","key_contributions":["Bounded pi: 223/71 < pi < 22/7","Sphere volume/area = 2/3 of circumscribing cylinder","Method of exhaustion (proto-integral calculus)","Archimedes' Principle (buoyancy)","Law of the lever"],"added_to_codex":"2026-05-27","last_verified":"2026-05-27","sources":[{"tier":1,"citation":"Heath, T.L. (2002 reprint). The Works of Archimedes. Dover."},{"tier":1,"citation":"Netz, R. and Noel, W. (2007). The Archimedes Codex. Da Capo Press."},{"tier":2,"citation":"O'Connor, J.J. and Robertson, E.F. (1999). Archimedes of Syracuse. MacTutor.","url":"https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Archimedes/"},{"tier":3,"citation":"Dijksterhuis, E.J. (1987). Archimedes. Princeton University Press."}],"relationships":[{"type":"contemporary_of","target":"euclid","label":"Euclid"},{"type":"built_on","target":"euclids-elements","label":"Euclid's Elements"}],"entry_status":"live","reading_levels_available":["curious","exploring","deep_dive"],"completeness":1.0,"codex_version":"1.3"}