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Curious

What Omega is

Plain language, nothing assumed. A reader who knows nothing about watches should finish this and understand why this company matters.

A workshop, four dates, and a Greek letter

In 1848 a young watchmaker named Louis Brandt opened a small workshop in La Chaux-de-Fonds.[OMEGA] Omega's own account says it was there, in the family villa, that the 23-year-old "began the company that was to become OMEGA."[OMEGA] After Brandt's death in 1879 his two sons, Louis-Paul and César, took over.[OMEGA] Under the new name Louis Brandt & Fils the company moved to Biel/Bienne[OMEGA], eventually to 96 Rue Jakob Stämpfli, still the address today.[OMEGA]

Before the name arrived, the brothers made a claim Omega still records: in 1892 they produced what its page calls "the world's first minute-repeating wristwatch"[OMEGA]. "The only one of its kind ever made".[OMEGA] Note the qualifier doing the work: minute-repeating, and wristwatch.

The name came from a movement, not the other way round. In 1894 the brothers released a 19-ligne calibre[OMEGA][OMEGA] and crowned it "OMEGA", after the last letter of the Greek alphabet, a name signifying an ultimate achievement.[OMEGA][OMEGA] The calibre succeeded so completely that the brothers eventually renamed the entire company after it, in 1903.[OMEGA]

A small thing that shows how this page is built

Two Omega pages describe the 1903 renaming differently. The press release states it plainly: the brothers "changed the name of their entire company to OMEGA Watch Co in 1903."[OMEGA] The Chronicle page describes the same renaming but attaches no year to it at all; its "1903" belongs to a different claim in the following sentence, about becoming the largest manufacturer of finished watches in Switzerland.[OMEGA] So this page cites the press release for the date, and not the page a reader might expect. The two also disagree on somewhere smaller: the Chronicle calls 1848 La Chaux-de-Fonds "the small Swiss village"[OMEGA], the press release "the Swiss city".[OMEGA]

The Moon, in one paragraph

Omega's best-known claim is that its Speedmaster "became the first watch worn on the moon during the Apollo 11 lunar landing in 1969."[OMEGA] That claim, what the Smithsonian's records actually hold, and what the astronauts themselves said, are three different things, and this Codex kept the specific question open for nine sessions before it could be answered. The full account is in The Moon, precisely.

Two things worth knowing before you go looking

Omega is one of sixteen watch brands in a group. The Swatch Group describes itself as "the number one manufacturer of finished watches in the world"[Swatch Group], producing nearly all the components for the watches sold under "its 16 watch brands"[Swatch Group], brands it says "cover all price segments"[Swatch Group]; and, it adds, it produces components for "the entire Swiss watchmaking industry."[Swatch Group] Read that sentence carefully: its subject is the Group, not Omega (see Does Omega make for other brands?).

And "Master Chronometer" is not Omega's own word. It is a certification run by Switzerland's federal metrology institute, to a published technical standard, and the institute, not the brand, is the certifying body.[METAS] What that actually involves is set out in Certification, and the standards themselves have their own page: Standards.

Exploring

How to read the brand

Structure, collections, certification and technology. For a buyer, a student, a collector starting out, or a retailer's new hire.

Who actually owns what

Omega's own terms of use name the Swiss entity: OMEGA SA, Rue Jakob Stämpfli 96 2502 Biel, Switzerland, alongside the British operating company The Swatch Group (UK) Limited, Division OMEGA.[OMEGA] Omega describes itself and its siblings as "affiliates of The Swatch Group Ltd., Biel, Switzerland."[OMEGA]

How it got there is a story the group tells in its own timeline. SSIH was founded in 1930[Swatch Group], and "the merger of Omega and Tissot formed the cornerstone of SSIH"[Swatch Group]; note that the group gives no date for that merger itself. In the late 1970s SSIH and ASUAG were forced to the brink of insolvency, and Nicolas G. Hayek merged the two firms.[Swatch Group] The merged company was renamed SMH in 1985[Swatch Group] and The Swatch Group Ltd in 1998.[Swatch Group] Omega's own telling compresses all of this into a single parenthesis: "(renamed SMH and then later Swatch Group)", with no dates at all[OMEGA], and dates Hayek's involvement to 1983.[OMEGA]

Where a date below comes from a timeline's year label rather than from a sentence, this page says so. The SMH and Swatch Group renamings are both of that kind: the years are the labels above the entries, not words inside them.[Swatch Group]

The crisis that decided the ownership (and the word nobody uses)

The paragraph above says SSIH and ASUAG were forced to the brink of insolvency without saying what forced them, and that omission is worth closing, because the answer is the reason this Swiss brand belongs to the group it belongs to. The Swatch Group's own history supplies the cause in full: In the late 1970s, the recession and strong competition from low-cost quartz watches from Asia forced SSIH and ASUAG to the brink of insolvency.[Swatch Group] The same page describes what the two companies were: SSIH, the largest Swiss watch company, and ASUAG, the largest watch movement manufacturer.[Swatch Group]

The scale of it, from sources independent of the company. A scholarly reference work records that in 1981–83 the Swiss banks put over 900 million francs into SSIH and ASUAG, mit der Absicht einer nur kurzfristigen Investition (intending only a short-term investment).[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland] The industry around them contracted on a scale the brand pages never mention: the Swiss watch industry's own federation records that from around 90,000 employees in 1970, the workforce fell to just over 30,000 in 1984[FH], and the same reference work gives a differently-based series reaching the same destination, von etwa 70'000 Mitte der 1960er Jahre auf 30'000-35'000 in den 1980er Jahren.[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland] The two baselines differ (90,000 in 1970 against about 70,000 in the mid-1960s), and neither source defines what it counts as the industry, so they are not one series and are not added or reconciled here. What they agree on is the endpoint: roughly 30,000 to 35,000 by the mid-1980s, attested twice, independently.

The merger did not create SMH, and the group cannot date its own founding

The sequence runs through a name this Codex had wrong until it was checked, and the two sources that supply it do not even agree with each other on its word order. The two companies merged in 1983[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland] to form the entity the Swatch Group's own history page calls ASUAG-SSIH in its 1985 entry[Swatch Group]; the Historical Dictionary of Switzerland names the same entity in the reverse order, SSIH-Asuag.[Historical Dictionary of Switzerland] Both spellings are published here, dated to their own source, and neither is preferred over the other. That entity was renamed SMH (Société suisse de Microélectronique et d'Horlogerie) in 1985[Swatch Group]; and SMH is renamed The Swatch Group Ltd in 1998.[Swatch Group]

The merger year itself comes from the reference work, not from the company. The Swatch Group's own history page describes Hayek merging the two firms and attaches no year to it; its earliest year heading, 1983, belongs to the launch of the Swatch rather than to the merger.[Swatch Group] A group that cannot date its own founding merger on its own history page is a small thing, but it is the kind of small thing this Codex records rather than smoothing over. The 1983 date therefore rests on a single source and is published as such.

And Omega itself says none of this. No Omega-published page found for this entry explains the quartz crisis, the near-insolvency, or how Omega came to be owned by the group that owns it; the brand's own account compresses the whole episode into a parenthesis.[OMEGA] A reader who wanted to know why a Swiss brand nearly died and who rescued it would have to leave Omega's site to find out. The quartz era as a whole, told from the side that won it, is on this Codex's History page and in the Seiko dossier.

The collections, as Omega itself lists them

Omega's Watches index prints four top-level collections, in this order: Seamaster, Speedmaster, Constellation, De Ville.[OMEGA] Their sub-families are listed on the same page.[OMEGA] The page's own prose introduction names the same four in the opposite order.[OMEGA]

Note the order Omega uses, and what this page used to do with it

Seamaster is listed first by Omega. Speedmaster is second. Until this page's second pass it mentioned the Speedmaster eighteen times for every two mentions of the Seamaster, because the session that built it was chasing a question about the Moon and the page took the shape of that question rather than the shape of the brand. That imbalance is now measured on every build by a check that compares each dossier's coverage of the collections the brand itself names, and this page is no longer the outlier it was. The Moon material is unchanged and still set out in full; what changed is that it no longer stands in for the whole company.

What each collection is, in Omega's own terms and with the movements it carries. The Seamaster is the diving line: its Diver 300M carries calibre 8800, and the Aqua Terra 150M carries calibre 8900, both described by Omega as Self-winding movement with Co-Axial escapement. Certified Master Chronometer, approved by METAS, resistant to magnetic fields reaching 15,000 gauss.[OMEGA][OMEGA] The Speedmaster is the chronograph line, whose Moonwatch Professional carries calibre 3861[OMEGA] and whose Chronoscope carries the manual-winding OMEGA Co-Axial Master Chronometer Calibre 9908.[OMEGA] The Constellation line's own catalogue exposes calibre numbers as filter options: 8901, 8900, 8803, 8802, 8800, 8701, 8700, 4564 and 4061, and this page reproduces them as what they are, filter values rather than descriptive prose, noting that 4564 and 4061 are quartz calibres so the list is not a list of mechanical movements.[OMEGA] The De Ville line includes the Trésor, and the Trésor is where the certification story stops being simple: see the calibres.

Certification: what "Master Chronometer" actually means

This is where an independent authority can be quoted instead of a brand, so this page quotes the authority first. METAS's own definition: for a mechanical watch to be called the "MASTER CHRONOMETER," it "has to be even more accurate" than the chronometer standard.[METAS] The governing document is METAS-N001, the Federal Institute of Metrology's "Requirements for certification of movements and mechanical watches resistant to magnetic fields of 1.5 T (15 000 G)".[METAS] It describes a certification process for finished watches[METAS], and sets out preconditions the watch must first satisfy[METAS]: among them that the movement must already meet the chronometer criteria of ISO 3159:2009, tested by a laboratory holding ISO/IEC 17025:2017 accreditation.[METAS]

Who tests what: a distinction almost everyone gets wrong

METAS-N001 is unambiguous: "The certification is based on a test of every movement and every watch by the applicant (or the authorised representative)."[METAS] METAS's own role is to monitor: "The testing processes are independently monitored by the Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS). METAS is the certifying body."[METAS] Its own checking is by sampling, to ISO 2859-1:2014 at an S4-AQL1 level of inspection by default.[METAS]

So every watch is tested is correct. METAS tests every watch is not. The first is a statement about the manufacturer's obligation; the second would be a statement about the institute's workload, and the document does not support it.

METAS's own two sources give different rate criteria

METAS's public web page states a single figure: the watch "must reach a rate accuracy of 0 to +5 seconds per day, i.e. it must never slow down", with no size qualifier at all.[METAS] METAS-N001 sets the same criterion by watch category: 0 to 5 s/d for category 1a, 0 to 6 for 1b and 0 to 7 for category 2, with the deviation criteria widening the same way.[METAS] The categories are defined by fitting diameter and surface.[METAS]

Both are METAS's own words and both are published here. The practical consequence is that a single unqualified "0 to +5 seconds a day" overstates what a smaller watch must meet, and, unusually, Omega's own page is the more precise of the two on this point, giving "0/+5 to 0/+7 seconds per day, depending on calibre size".[OMEGA]

One Omega figure needs its context kept with it. Omega states that only "the minutest deviations in these daily averages are permitted": "0–5 seconds per day, or a maximum deviation of 0.0058% over 24 hours".[OMEGA] That is the limit on the daily averages within one of the eight tests, not a blanket tolerance for the whole certification, and it is a different measurement from the 0/+5-to-0/+7 range above. The two must not be merged.

METAS also separates the two tests cleanly: "Only the movement is tested under ISO 3159."[METAS] "The finished watch is tested under METAS-N001."[METAS] A watch that passes everything may be designated a Master Chronometer.[METAS]

Omega's own account agrees in shape. Every Master Chronometer is tested twice: the movement first to ISO 3159, then the complete watch[OMEGA], through "8 tests over 10 days"[OMEGA], including exposure to a 15,000-gauss magnetic field[OMEGA]. Omega dates its adoption of METAS-approved testing to 2015, with the Globemaster the first certified model.[OMEGA]

And two Omega pages disagree about who sets the criteria

Omega's current Master Chronometer page attributes the eight tests to "the Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS)".[OMEGA] Omega's 2015 Chronicle page says that passing them and "performing within the parameters set by the Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres (COSC) qualifies a timepiece as a Master Chronometer."[OMEGA]

METAS-N001 does not contain the word COSC anywhere. It routes the chronometer requirement through ISO 3159:2009 and an accredited laboratory instead.[METAS] COSC is a real and separate body (a non-profit founded in 1973[COSC]), whose own criteria include an average daily rate between −4 and +6 seconds[COSC], tested in five positions at three temperatures[COSC]. Both Omega statements are published here as dated statements from two of its own pages, and neither is reconciled into the other.

COSC's own FAQ gives its test period as 15 days in answer to one question[COSC], and elsewhere on the same FAQ as 12 to 20 days. That self-contradiction was documented on this Codex's Standards page and is not restated here.

The calibres (and the two certifications that differ only by word order)

The section above explains Master Chronometer certification from the regulator's own document. What it did not do, until this second pass, was say which movements carry it, and that omission left a reader free to assume it covers every mechanical Omega. It does not, and Omega's own pages say so three separate ways.

"Co-Axial Master Chronometer" and "Master Co-Axial Chronometer" are not the same claim

Omega operates two designations whose words are identical and whose order is not:

  • Co-Axial Master Chronometer: METAS-certified. Calibre 3861 in the Moonwatch Professional[OMEGA], 8800 in the Seamaster Diver 300M[OMEGA], 8900 in the Aqua Terra[OMEGA], 9908 in the Chronoscope[OMEGA]. Each description reads Certified Master Chronometer, approved by METAS.
  • Master Co-Axial Chronometer: not METAS-certified. Calibre 8511, in a De Ville Trésor, is described by Omega as Chronometer-certified according to international standard ISO3159, referencing the Official Swiss Chronometer Control (COSC). Neither the words "Master Chronometer" nor "METAS" appear on that page at all.[OMEGA]

The Trésor exists in both versions, under titles that differ only by that transposition. A page reproducing either phrase carelessly would convert a COSC/ISO 3159 claim into a METAS one, or the reverse. This Codex reproduces each exactly as Omega prints it, and this callout exists because getting it wrong is so easy.

Omega's own scope word is "almost". Its certification page states that since 2015 the brand has subjected almost all of its mechanical timepieces to the stringent 10-day process.[OMEGA] Not all. The page gives the tests as 8 tests over 10 days, to ensure superior precision and magnetic resistance[OMEGA], describes them as Eight additional Master Chronometer tests set by the Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS)[OMEGA], gives the pass criteria as 0/+5 to 0/+7 seconds per day, depending calibre size (the missing "on" is Omega's own, reproduced as printed[OMEGA]), and names the Globemaster of 2015 as the first certified model.[OMEGA]

The clearest counter-example is the Moon calibre itself. Omega still catalogues a Speedmaster carrying calibre 321, described in full as a Famous manual-winding chronograph movement with column wheel mechanism, Breguet balance-spring and 18K Sedna™ gold PVD coated finish. The calibre that was worn on the Moon.[OMEGA] Neither "Master Chronometer" nor "METAS" appears anywhere on that page. The pattern extends to Omega's own URLs: every certified model's address contains co-axial-master-chronometer, and this one does not.

What Omega does not publish is a sentence naming any calibre as uncertified. The position above is established by its own hedge ("almost all") together with the documented absence of the certification language on specific movements, and by its use of a different standard's name on one of them. This page therefore describes a pattern of omission, not an explicit exclusion, because that is what the sources support.

And the escapement does not imply the certification. Omega's watchmaking page groups its movements under the umbrella Co-Axial Master Chronometer calibres – the industry's highest standard of precision, performance and magnetic resistance[OMEGA], but calibre 8511 has the Co-Axial escapement without METAS certification, and the first Co-Axial watch of 1999 predates the certification by sixteen years. Having the escapement and holding the certification are two different facts about a movement, and Omega nowhere states that the first entails the second.

The Co-Axial escapement, and an anti-magnetic movement

Omega released what it calls "the industry's first practical new watch escapement in some 250 years" in 1999.[OMEGA] Its claim for it: "Using smaller contact surfaces, the Co-Axial escapement produces less friction and requires less lubrication."[OMEGA]

Attribution differs between two Omega pages. The Chronicle's visible text says the escapement was "Developed by inventor George Daniels (1926 – 2011)".[OMEGA] The Co-Axial escapement page's meta description (text that is in the page's markup but not visible to a reader) says it was "Conceived by inventor and master watchmaker George Daniels and developed by OMEGA".[OMEGA] Both are Omega's own words; only the first is on the page a reader sees.

In 2013 Omega introduced the Co-Axial 8508, a movement it describes as resistant to "more than 15,000 gauss"[OMEGA], and notes that earlier anti-magnetic watches "relied on a protective inner case", which this movement does not need.[OMEGA]

Where an Omega watch is actually made

This page had no manufacturing section at all until its second pass, which is indefensible for a Swiss brand on a site whose central legal subject is what "Swiss Made" requires. What Omega and its parent publish is this.

Biel/Bienne is the headquarters and a production site. Omega calls it the brand's HQ site in Bienne, Switzerland[OMEGA] and refers elsewhere to its original HQ and manufacture in Biel/Bienne.[OMEGA] The building opened in 2017 is described as the industry's most cutting-edge facility for watch assembly, training and quality control[OMEGA], housing All steps, including T2 (watch assembly), T3 (bracelets), and T4 (shipping), as well as stock and logistics[OMEGA]; and, usefully for the section above, OMEGA's quality and technical control processes, including the METAS testing for Master Chronometer certification.[OMEGA] The certification is performed in that building.

Villeret: the parent company's own page contradicts itself in one screen

Omega's own site confirms Villeret is an Omega factory: the inauguration of the OMEGA factory in Villeret, Switzerland, with the factory's assembly line, but never says what is made there.[OMEGA] The only statement of function comes from the parent. The Swatch Group's production-sites page says Villeret produces the exclusive timepieces and revolutionary Master Chronometer calibers that set the industry's standard[Swatch Group]; while the heading directly above that text on the same page calls it the Omega assembly unit in Villeret, Switzerland.[Swatch Group]

An assembly unit and a site that produces calibres are not the same claim, and both appear within one screen of the same page. This Codex publishes both and resolves neither, and does not write "Omega manufactures its movements at Villeret", because no source it can reach says that.

Two gaps, both stated rather than filled. Omega numbers its production stages T2, T3 and T4 and nowhere defines a T1[OMEGA], so where cases are made and where movements are decorated is not published on any page read. And no figure for the proportion of components made in-house was found anywhere: not on Omega's site, not on the readable Swatch Group pages. Third-party estimates exist and none is reproduced here.

What Omega claims about Swiss Made (and what it carefully does not claim)

Omega states: OMEGA is proud to include the Swiss Made mark on all of its watches. This simple wording guarantees a standard of quality established over many centuries and is a world-renowned symbol of excellence.[OMEGA]

Read what that does not say. It claims the mark and a standard of quality. It does not state that Omega's watches meet the Swiss Made criteria, does not mention the 60%-of-manufacturing-cost threshold, does not cite the ordinance or the Trade Mark Protection Act, and names no criterion at all. No dedicated Swiss Made page was found on Omega's site. The legal test the mark actually represents is set out on this Codex's Standards page, quoted from the ordinance itself, which is the page to read if you want to know what the four words on the dial require.

What an Omega costs, from Omega

Omega publishes a retail price on its own product pages. The Seamaster Diver 300M 42 mm in steel on steel is shown at $6,700, displayed directly beneath the product name.[OMEGA]

Note the difference in how two brands in this Codex present a price. Omega shows a bare figure with no label at all: not "RRP", not "from", not a tax statement. Titan prints "MRP" and "Inclusive of all taxes*", because Indian law requires a maximum retail price to be declared. Neither practice is called better here; they are different disclosure regimes, and a reader comparing a bare $6,700 against a labelled rupee MRP is not comparing like with like. No price band is assigned for Omega: a single reference read on a single date is a data point, not a range, and this Codex does not convert currencies silently.

What this page does not yet tell you

  • Price bands. No band is assigned. Assigning one requires reading Omega's own published list prices with a currency, a date and a source URL for each.
  • Where Omega sits in its group's brand tiers. The Swatch Group's brands-and-companies pages are blocked to automated readers, and the one page that does load carries no brand list or tier labels.[Swatch Group] No tier assignment for Omega could be obtained from a group page, so none is asserted here.
  • The group's audited statements. See the published figures; the annual report itself could not be read.
  • Reference pages. The Speedmaster alone would carry several. None exist yet.
Deep Dive

The record, dated and attributed

Entity data, the Moon question in full, and primary-source wording. For collectors, journalists, researchers and AI systems.

Legal entity

Corporate data as published by Omega and by The Swatch Group. Read 28 September 2026.
FieldAs the source states it
Swiss legal entityOMEGA SA, Rue Jakob Stämpfli 96 2502 Biel, Switzerland[OMEGA]
Relationship to groupAn affiliate of The Swatch Group Ltd., Biel, Switzerland[OMEGA]
Founded1848, as a workshop in La Chaux-de-Fonds[OMEGA]; Omega's own history page says "more than 175 years"[OMEGA]
NamedAfter an 1894 calibre[OMEGA]; company renamed OMEGA Watch Co in 1903[OMEGA]
Group scale16 watch brands; the group calls itself the world's number one manufacturer of finished watches[Swatch Group]
MuseumOMEGA Museum, Nicolas G. Hayek Strasse 2, 2502 Biel/Bienne[OMEGA]

Registry note. No Swiss commercial-register record has been pulled. Until one is, the entity fields rest on Omega's own terms of use, which are Tier 1 for what Omega states about itself but are not an independent registry confirmation.

The Olympic Games: the role this page omitted entirely

Until this second pass, a page of six thousand words about Omega did not contain the word "Olympic" once. That is the largest single omission the completeness audit found anywhere on this site, and nothing made it hard: both Omega and the International Olympic Committee document the relationship, which means it can be told with an independent authority alongside the brand rather than from marketing alone.

The start, agreed by both parties. Omega's own chronicle says that at Los Angeles in 1932 it became the first watchmaker to time an entire Olympic Games, Using a lone watchmaker and 30 chronographs.[OMEGA] Note the qualifier doing the work: the first to time an entire Games, not the first to time Olympic events. The IOC independently dates the relationship to the Olympic Games in 1932 in Los Angeles.[IOC] This is the best-sourced fact on the page: the company and the independent body agree.

The title, where the two differ slightly. Omega calls itself Official Timekeeper of the Olympic and Paralympic Games[OMEGA]; the IOC's partner page, in visible body copy, gives Official Timekeeper of the Olympic Games and separately designates Omega a Worldwide Olympic Partner.[IOC] The Paralympic half is not merely brand wording, though: the same IOC page extends the arrangement through to the Olympic and Paralympic Games Brisbane 2032.[IOC]

How many Games: the two parties publish different numbers

Omega states: On 31 occasions since 1932, OMEGA has fulfilled the role of Official Timekeeper at the Olympic Games.[OMEGA] The IOC states: OMEGA has served as Official Timekeeper 27 times.[IOC]

Both are published here with their publisher attached, and neither is adopted. The likeliest explanation is simply elapsed time (the IOC sentence sits in an announcement of the extension to 2032, and Games have been held since), but the IOC article carries no visible publication date, so that reconciliation could not be sourced and is not asserted. The IOC's own partner page states no number at all.

What Omega supplies, and who says so. The IOC names the equipment: the starting pistol, touchpads for swimming and the Scan 'O' Vision MYRIA photofinish camera, which made its Olympic Games debut in Rio and can capture 10,000 digital images per second[IOC], and describes the scope as cutting-edge timing, scoring, and in-venue results system and equipment.[IOC] Omega's own current page names a later camera and a higher figure: The Scan'O'Vision ULTIMATE can capture up to 40,000 digital images per second on the finish line of races[OMEGA], and these are two different camera generations, not two figures for one device. On the touchpads: swimmers stop the clock' by exerting a pressure of between 1.5 and 2.5 kg.[OMEGA] On resolution: Today, OMEGA counts the seconds on its Quantum Timer, with an enhanced resolution of one millionth of a second.[OMEGA]

In force until 2032. The IOC announced an extension to its global partnership with official timekeeper OMEGA through to 2032, extending its existing partnership by 12 years to include the Olympic Winter Games Beijing 2022 through to the Games of the XXXV Olympiad (2032), adding that Omega is the first Worldwide Olympic Partner to commit to the Olympic Movement through to 2032.[IOC] The announcement is attributed on the page to the IOC President, the CEO of the Swatch Group and the President of Omega jointly, so the independent body and the company announced it together, which is worth knowing when weighing the enthusiasm of the quotations on it.

Chronology, as Omega and its parent date it

YearEventWho dates it
1848Louis Brandt's workshop, La Chaux-de-FondsOmega[OMEGA]
1894The 19-ligne "Omega" calibre, which the company later took its name fromOmega[OMEGA]
1930SSIH founded; the Omega–Tissot merger is its cornerstone, undated by the groupSwatch Group[Swatch Group]
1932First entire Olympic Games timed, Los AngelesOmega and the IOC[OMEGA][IOC]
late 1970sQuartz competition forces SSIH and ASUAG to the brink of insolvencySwatch Group[Swatch Group]
1981–83Swiss banks put over CHF 900 million into SSIH and ASUAGHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland[HLS]
1983SSIH and ASUAG merge (not dated on the group's own history page); named ASUAG-SSIH by Swatch Group and SSIH-Asuag by HLS: the sources disagree on word orderHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland[HLS]
1985ASUAG-SSIH renamed SMHSwatch Group[Swatch Group]
1998SMH renamed The Swatch Group LtdSwatch Group[Swatch Group]
1999Co-Axial escapement introduced, in a De Ville, 12 AprilOmega[OMEGA]
2015Master Chronometer certification introduced; Globemaster the first certified model. Villeret factory inauguratedOmega[OMEGA]; Swatch Group[Swatch Group]
2017New Biel/Bienne building opened, housing assembly and the METAS testingOmega[OMEGA]
2032Olympic timekeeping partnership runs to the Brisbane GamesIOC[IOC]

The Moon, precisely

This Codex has carried an open question since Session 08: it recorded, in its public list of claims it had declined to publish, "a Speedmaster worn on the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 EVA", because the museum records it held did not support it. That question can now be answered, and the answer is worth setting out in order.

What the museum holds. The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum holds the Speedmaster NASA issued to Neil Armstrong for Apollo 11[Smithsonian] and the one issued to Michael Collins.[Smithsonian] Its collection contains 63 Omega Speedmasters in all.[Smithsonian] It holds no Apollo 11 chronograph of Buzz Aldrin's, and a search of the museum's records returns none.[Smithsonian] The fuller account of the two records it does hold, including the dates they give, is on the Legacy page and is not repeated here.

What the museum says about wear. The only Apollo 11 Speedmaster wear the Smithsonian's own exhibition material describes is Collins's: "Michael Collins wore the Speedmaster Chronograph during the Apollo 11 mission. The Velcro strap allowed him to attach it on the outside of his spacesuit during launch and reentry."[Smithsonian] Collins remained in lunar orbit, so this is evidence of wear in flight, not on the surface. The museum's curatorial writing states the watch was certified by NASA "for use on spaceflights, both inside and outside the spacecraft"[Smithsonian], a certification, not an account of any particular moonwalk. The same exhibition page is willing to say flatly that Aldrin's helmet was worn "while on the surface of the moon"[Smithsonian], and says nothing comparable about any watch.

What the astronauts said (and why the museum has no Aldrin watch)

NASA hosts the Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, whose Apollo 11 EVA-preparation page records the astronauts on exactly this point. The editor notes that "The astronauts each had an Omega Speedmaster Professional."[ALSJ, NASA-hosted] Armstrong, in the 1969 technical debrief: "Someone asked me if I had left my wristwatch in the Lunar Module during the EVA as a backup to the mission timer; and I couldn't remember."[ALSJ, NASA-hosted]

Aldrin is more definite, and in the same breath explains the gap in the museum's collection: "I remember that specifically at that time, because I reflected back on it a little later when I shipped my watch to the Smithsonian and it turned up missing. That's when it refreshed in my mind, years ago, that you had left yours inside and mine was the only one out on the surface."[ALSJ, NASA-hosted]

He was not impressed by it: "It was a lousy watch to have on the surface. It just didn't give good numbers as far as a stopwatch type thing."[ALSJ, NASA-hosted]

On this source. The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal is individually authored and NASA-hosted rather than an agency statement, and this Codex flags it as such wherever it is cited. Its table of flown watches was withdrawn by its authors in 2017 and is not cited here or anywhere on this site. What is quoted above is the Journal's reproduction of the astronauts' own words.

So the claim is lifted, and rewritten. A Speedmaster was worn on the lunar surface during the Apollo 11 EVA, and it was Aldrin's, on the authority of Aldrin's own recorded recollection, not of a museum object record, because the object itself never reached the museum. NASA's editorial mission pages for Apollo 11 say nothing about watches either way.[ALSJ, NASA-hosted]

What Omega claims, and how it differs

Omega states that the Speedmaster "became the first watch worn on the moon during the Apollo 11 lunar landing in 1969"[OMEGA], and elsewhere that it has been "the first watch worn on the Moon in July of 1969"[OMEGA] and "worn on all six lunar landings".[OMEGA] Its parent group makes a narrower claim: that the Speedmaster "has been worn on each of NASA's piloted missions including all six moon landings"[Swatch Group], which is about missions rather than about surface wear.

And on one of its own pages Omega is more careful than in its marketing: a dated entry says only "On 21 July, when the steps were taken on the lunar surface, the Speedmaster became the Moonwatch"[OMEGA], naming no wrist at all. All three formulations are Omega's; this page records the difference rather than choosing among them.

The distinction that matters: the independent record now supports a Speedmaster on the surface, on Aldrin's wrist. It does not, in anything this Codex has read, independently establish it as the first watch worn on the Moon; that remains a brand claim, recorded here as one.

Commonly confused

Errors this Codex expects to correct repeatedly, each with the primary-source position.
Common claimWhat the sources say
METAS tests every Master Chronometer watchEvery movement and watch is tested by the applicant; METAS monitors, audits and sample-checks, and is the certifying body
A Master Chronometer must run 0 to +5 seconds a dayThat is METAS's unqualified public wording; METAS-N001 sets 0 to 5, 6 or 7 s/d by watch category, and Omega's own page gives the range too
Master Chronometer certification is a COSC certificationMETAS-N001 never mentions COSC; it requires ISO 3159:2009 from an ISO/IEC 17025-accredited laboratory. One Omega page from 2015 does credit COSC
Armstrong's Speedmaster went onto the lunar surfaceArmstrong could not remember; Aldrin recalls Armstrong left his inside and that Aldrin's "was the only one out on the surface"
The Smithsonian holds Aldrin's Apollo 11 SpeedmasterIt does not. Aldrin says the watch he shipped to the Smithsonian "turned up missing"
Omega supplies movements to the wider Swiss industryThat statement is about The Swatch Group, its parent, not about Omega (see below)

The museum

The OMEGA Museum is at Nicolas G. Hayek Strasse 2, 2502 Biel/Bienne.[OMEGA] Omega describes its collection as covering "ground-breaking innovations, space travel, precision records, deep-sea adventures" and more[OMEGA], displayed along a 50-metre steel watch bracelet with 64 treasury windows[OMEGA], with a 9-metre running track for visitors[OMEGA] and audio guides in eight languages.[OMEGA]

Exploring

Does Omega make for other brands?

Make your own covers movement supply generally; this is only what Omega's and its group's own documents say.

Omega states nothing, and the silence was checked rather than assumed. Across Omega's own watchmaking, world-of-Omega, collection and home pages, and its parent group's pages, nothing states that Omega supplies watches, movements or components to any other brand.[OMEGA] Omega's own description of its manufacturing is entirely inward-facing: it describes itself as renowned for the mechanical ingenuity in its own designs.[OMEGA]

One sentence that is easy to misread, and this Codex nearly did

The Swatch Group states that it "produces nearly all of the components necessary to manufacture the watches sold under its 16 watch brands and the multi-brand Tourbillon and Hour Passion retail labels, as well as the entire Swiss watchmaking industry."[Swatch Group]

The subject of that sentence is the Group, not Omega. It is a claim about a parent company that owns movement and component businesses; it is not a statement that Omega SA supplies anyone. If it were paraphrased into "Omega supplies the Swiss industry", it would become false, and the scoped negative above, which is true as worded, would silently become false with it.

This is the third position this Codex has recorded on the OEM question, and all three differ. Citizen's Miyota states openly that it supplies brands worldwide and publishes a minimum order on one calibre's page. Casio says nothing at all across eighteen checked pages. Omega says nothing, while its parent says something expansive about the Group. None of the three is treated here as better practice than another; the record is what each company publishes.

Deep Dive

The published figures

What Omega's parent reports, and, unusually for this Codex, a frank account of what could not be read at all. If the words below are unfamiliar, the money page explains them from the beginning.

Omega publishes no financial figures of its own. Its parent, The Swatch Group Ltd, reports in Swiss francs for a financial year ending 31 December, a different currency and calendar from the three Japanese companies elsewhere in this Codex.

From the group's own "Key Figures 2025" release[Swatch Group], published as an ad hoc announcement under the listing rules[Swatch Group]: net sales of CHF 6 280 million, stated as −1.3% at constant exchange rates and −5.9% at current rates, with a negative currency impact of CHF 308 million.[Swatch Group] Operating profit of CHF 135 million against CHF 304 million the year before, an operating margin of 2.1% against 4.5%.[Swatch Group] Net profit of CHF 25 million against CHF 219 million, a net margin of 0.4% against 3.3%.[Swatch Group] In the Watches & Jewelry segment excluding Production, operating profit was CHF 549 million at a 9.5% margin.[Swatch Group]

The published percentages do not tie to the published prior-year figure

The group's own prior-year release gives net sales of CHF 6 735 million for 2024.[Swatch Group] A reader computing the change from the two published figures (6 280 against 6 735) gets −6.8%. The 2025 release states −5.9% at current rates.[Swatch Group]

The release explains why, in its own footnote: the Rivoli Group's eyewear business was transferred at the end of 2024, and "unless otherwise stated, all changes in sales compared to the previous year are calculated excluding the transferred business."[Swatch Group] So both stated percentages are measured against a restated prior-year base, which the group does not itself publish as a figure. The operating-profit line, by contrast, does tie: the 2025 release's "previous year: CHF 304 million" matches the 2024 release exactly.[Swatch Group]

This is published rather than smoothed over because it is precisely the kind of thing a reader will otherwise trip on: CHF 6 735 million to CHF 6 280 million cannot be described as a 5.9% decline, and no figure on this page should be used to do so.

Segment wording changed between the two years, and both are quoted as printed: the 2025 release says "excluding Production"[Swatch Group], the 2024 release "without Production".[Swatch Group]

There is no Omega figure, at any level

No Omega-specific sales, profit, volume or unit figure appears in the group's 2025 results release, its 2024 release, or its half-year report.[Swatch Group] Omega is named, without a number attached: the 2024 release cites "the strongest growth for the Omega, Longines and Tissot brands" in certain markets[Swatch Group], and a half-year release gives increases of "10% to 30%" for a group of six named brands in the USA, a range attached to six brands together, not to Omega.[Swatch Group]

Applying that range to Omega alone would produce a figure the group has never published. This Codex does not publish estimates, so none appears here.

What could not be read at all. The group's Annual Report 2025 (which its own page lists as a 5.53 MB download, and which would contain the audited statements, the segment note and any marketing-expense line) could not be retrieved: the request is refused at the robots.txt stage before it reaches the file.[Swatch Group] An independent check reproduced the same refusal. So the figures above come from the group's results releases, not from its audited accounts, and this page says so rather than implying a completeness it does not have. No advertising or marketing expenditure figure appears in any document that could be read.[Swatch Group]

People. The group publishes two different employee figures and dates neither: "more than 32,000" on one page[Swatch Group] and "around 31 800" on another.[Swatch Group] Neither figure carries an "as of" date.[Swatch Group] Both are recorded; neither is reconciled.

These figures are reported here as The Swatch Group Ltd published them. This Codex does not interpret them, does not say whether they are good or bad, does not compare them with another company's, and publishes no valuation of Omega or of any watch. Currency, unit and period are stated because all three change the meaning of a number.

Contacts & official channels

Organisational channels only, each fetched and confirmed live on the date shown.

Contact details were verified on 28 September 2026 from the sources shown and may have changed. The Codex is not affiliated with any manufacturer and does not endorse any retailer. Always confirm through the brand's official website. No individual's name, personal email or mobile number is published here, ever.

Official site
omegawatches.com[OMEGA]
Corporate identity
OMEGA SA, Rue Jakob Stämpfli 96 2502 Biel, Switzerland; and The Swatch Group (UK) Limited, Division OMEGA, London[OMEGA]
Press
press.omegawatches.com[OMEGA]
Customer service
Omega Customer Service[OMEGA]
Service-centre locator
Finding a service centre[OMEGA]
Store locator
Official Omega stores[OMEGA]: this Codex never compiles its own dealer list.
India
Omega operates no India locale; its India-facing boutique pages are served under the US locale.[OMEGA] One example is the Mumbai boutique, which Omega's own page identifies as a franchise boutique operated by Ethos Limited[OMEGA], an Omega page documenting a partner-operated boutique, not an Omega-operated one.
Verified on / how
28 September 2026: each URL was fetched and confirmed live, then re-checked by an independent reader shown only the address and the quoted text

Sources

Every claim above traces to one of these. Sources fall into two kinds, and the citation chips are coloured to match: independent authorities (the Swiss Federal Institute of Metrology, COSC, the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, and the NASA-hosted Apollo Lunar Surface Journal) and the company's own publications, which are Tier 1 for what Omega and The Swatch Group state about themselves and for nothing else. No forum, marketplace, dealer blog or editorial watch site was used as the source of any fact on this page. All read 28 September 2026.

  1. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "THE FIRST WORKSHOP 1848", source read 2026-09-28
  2. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA press release, "Celebrating a Name Born in 1894", Trésor / 22.01.2019, source read 2026-09-28
  3. Tier 1 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: “Destination Moon: The Apollo 11 Mission” Object List | Smithsonian Institution, source read 2026-09-28
  4. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Speedmaster Moonwatch Professional Watches | OMEGA US®, source read 2026-09-28
  5. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "PASSING THE TORCH 1879", source read 2026-09-28
  6. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "A NEW HOME 1880", source read 2026-09-28
  7. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "THE FIRST MINUTE-REPEATER FOR THE WRIST 1892", source read 2026-09-28
  8. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "OMEGA IS BORN 1894", source read 2026-09-28
  9. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: Swatch Group – Swiss made luxury watches and jewelry, home page, source read 2026-09-28
  10. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Message from the management" (Message from the Chair), swatchgroup.com, source read 2026-09-28
  11. Tier 1 Federal Institute of Metrology METAS: Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, document METAS-N001/e, version 1.2, “Requirements for certification of movements and mechanical watches resistant to magnetic fields of 1.5 T (15 000 G)”, source read 2026-09-28
  12. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Terms of use | OMEGA UK, clause 1.1 INTRODUCTION, source read 2026-09-28
  13. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: Swatch Group History - Swatch Group, source read 2026-09-28
  14. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, entry headed "THE SAVIOUR OF AN INDUSTRY 1983", source read 2026-09-28
  15. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Watches index page (Watches), source read 2026-09-28
  16. Tier 1 Federal Institute of Metrology METAS: Federal Institute of Metrology METAS, “Watch certification”, source read 2026-09-28
  17. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA, “The Master Chronometer Certification” (World of OMEGA – Watchmaking), source read 2026-09-28
  18. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, “2015: OMEGA’s Master Chronometer watch certification arrives – MASTER CHRONOMETER: THE NEW QUALITY STANDARD”, source read 2026-09-28
  19. Tier 1 COSC: Contrôle Officiel Suisse des Chronomètres (COSC), “COSC FAQ”, source read 2026-09-28
  20. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, “1999: OMEGA introduces the Co-Axial watch escapement – A REVOLUTIONARY NEW ESCAPEMENT”, source read 2026-09-28
  21. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA, The Co-Axial Escapement: page meta description (not visible body copy), source read 2026-09-28
  22. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Chronicle, “2013: Anti-magnetic watch movement created by OMEGA”, source read 2026-09-28
  23. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: Brands & Companies - Swatch Group (not retrievable), source read 2026-09-28
  24. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA History | 175+ Years of Swiss Watchmaking Heritage & Innovation, source read 2026-09-28
  25. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Museum Biel/Bienne | Discover 175 Years of Watchmaking History, source read 2026-09-28
  26. Tier 1 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Chronograph, Armstrong, Apollo 11 | National Air and Space Museum, source read 2026-09-28
  27. Tier 1 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Chronograph, Collins, Apollo 11 | National Air and Space Museum, source read 2026-09-28
  28. Tier 1 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: Space Time Technology | National Air and Space Museum, source read 2026-09-28
  29. Tier 1 Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum: this negative was checked against the museum's Armstrong, Collins and Conrad Apollo chronograph records, its "Space Time Technology" and "Destination Moon" editorial pages, and its published Apollo 11 object list, none of which name an Aldrin watch; a predictable object-record URL for one was also tried and returns HTTP 404, confirming no such page exists rather than serving as a working link, example of the record type checked read 2026-09-28
  30. Tier 1 Apollo Lunar Surface Journal (NASA-hosted): Apollo Lunar Surface Journal, “EVA Preparations”, Apollo 11: NASA-hosted; corrected transcript and commentary © 1995 Eric M. Jones, source read 2026-09-28
  31. Tier 1 NASA: Apollo 11 Mission Overview - NASA, source read 2026-09-28
  32. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA Space Legacy | Official Watch & Moon Mission Timepieces | OMEGA CH®, source read 2026-09-28
  33. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: Omega - Swatch Group, source read 2026-09-28
  34. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA and The Swatch Group own websites (URLs enumerated in meaning), source read 2026-09-28
  35. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Key Figures 2025" (ad hoc announcement), swatchgroup.com, source read 2026-09-28
  36. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Key Figures 2024" (ad hoc announcement), swatchgroup.com, source read 2026-09-28
  37. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Half-Year Report 2025" (ad hoc announcement), swatchgroup.com, source read 2026-09-28
  38. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Annual Report 2025" (PDF, 5.53 MB, as listed on swatchgroup.com), source read 2026-09-28
  39. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: The Swatch Group Ltd, "Social" (Sustainability), swatchgroup.com, source read 2026-09-28
  40. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA, official website home: page meta description (not visible body copy), source read 2026-09-28
  41. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Omega - Press room, source read 2026-09-28
  42. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Customer Service | OMEGA US®, source read 2026-09-28
  43. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Official OMEGA® Stores | OMEGA US®, source read 2026-09-28
  44. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: Official OMEGA® Stores | OMEGA US®, source read 2026-09-28
  45. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: the predictable India-locale path on Omega's own site, https://www.omegawatches.com/en-in/, returns HTTP 404, cited as the evidence that no such locale exists, not as a working link read 2026-09-28
  46. Tier 1 OMEGA SA: OMEGA® Boutique Mumbai - Unit no. G 6 A, Ground Floor, Palladium Mall, High Street Phoenix, 462 S.B.Marg, Lower Parel, 400013 Mumbai India | OMEGA US®, source read 2026-09-28
  47. Tier 2 Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz / Historical Dictionary of Switzerland, “Swatch Group”, by Hélène Pasquier, version 2011, edited 23 January 2018, source read 2026-09-29. A signed, dated scholarly reference article, independent of the company. Its publisher's academy affiliation could not be confirmed from a primary page (the dictionary's own about page is robots-blocked), so it is cited here as an authored and version-dated reference work rather than on an institutional claim.
  48. Tier 1 Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry FH, “The Swiss watch industry today”, source read 2026-09-29. An industry body, independent of the company. The page is undated and its other figures are 2013 figures, so only its fixed 1970–1984 comparison is used here; its company-count figure and its use of the word “today” are not.
  49. Tier 2 Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz, “Uhrenindustrie”, by Estelle Fallet and Béatrice Veyrassat, version 2005, edited 11 August 2020, source read 2026-09-29
  50. Tier 1 OMEGA: The Master Chronometer Certification, source read 2026-09-29
  51. Tier 1 OMEGA: Speedmaster Moonwatch Professional Co-Axial Master Chronometer Chronograph 42 mm, ref. 310.30.42.50.01.001 (calibre 3861), source read 2026-09-29
  52. Tier 1 OMEGA: Seamaster Diver 300M Co-Axial Master Chronometer 42 mm, ref. 210.30.42.20.03.001 (calibre 8800; the price quoted on this page), source read 2026-09-29
  53. Tier 1 OMEGA: Seamaster Aqua Terra 150M Co-Axial Master Chronometer 41 mm, ref. 220.10.41.21.10.001 (calibre 8900), source read 2026-09-29
  54. Tier 1 OMEGA: Speedmaster Chronoscope (calibre 9908), source read 2026-09-29
  55. Tier 1 OMEGA: Constellation catalogue, source read 2026-09-29. The calibre numbers cited from this page are filter control values, not body copy, and Omega attaches no descriptive wording or certification statement to them there.
  56. Tier 1 OMEGA: De Ville Trésor Master Co-Axial Chronometer 40 mm, ref. 432.53.40.21.04.001 (calibre 8511), source read 2026-09-29. Cited for what it says (ISO 3159, COSC) and for what does not appear on it (“Master Chronometer”, “METAS”).
  57. Tier 1 OMEGA: Speedmaster Calibre 321 Chronograph 38.6 mm, ref. 311.50.39.30.01.001, source read 2026-09-29. Cited for the full movement description and for the documented absence of any certification language on it.
  58. Tier 1 OMEGA: World of OMEGA, Watchmaking, source read 2026-09-29
  59. Tier 1 OMEGA: “OMEGA's newest factory is opened”, source read 2026-09-29
  60. Tier 1 OMEGA Chronicle: “OMEGA's new building”, 2017, source read 2026-09-29
  61. Tier 1 OMEGA: “Daniel Craig visits the OMEGA factory in Villeret”, source read 2026-09-29
  62. Tier 1 The Swatch Group Ltd: Swatch Group production sites, source read 2026-09-29. Parent-company material rather than Omega's own voice. Cited for both of its statements about Villeret, which do not agree with each other.
  63. Tier 1 OMEGA: automatic watches page, Swiss Made statement, source read 2026-09-29. Visible body copy; the same sentence also appears on Omega's homepage.
  64. Tier 1 OMEGA Chronicle: “1932: OMEGA Becomes Official Timekeeper of the Olympic Games”, source read 2026-09-29
  65. Tier 1 International Olympic Committee: “IOC and official timekeeper OMEGA extend global Olympic partnership to 2032”, source read 2026-09-29. Independent of the company. The page carries no visible publication date, which is why no date is asserted for its figures. Note that the same paths under the www. host are robots-blocked while these are not.
  66. Tier 1 OMEGA: World of OMEGA, Olympic and Paralympic Games: Official Timekeeper, source read 2026-09-29
  67. Tier 1 International Olympic Committee: partner page for OMEGA, source read 2026-09-29. Independent of the company; quoted from visible body copy.
  68. Tier 1 OMEGA Chronicle: “1999: a revolutionary new escapement”, source read 2026-09-29