Sanskrit Glossary

PracticeSelf or therapeutic oil massage. A key Dinacharya (daily practice) and Panchakarma preparatory procedure. Classical texts document Abhyanga with sesame oil as delaying ageing, reducing Vata, and nourishing the skin and nervous system.

PharmacologyInternal; that which is taken internally. Used to distinguish internal preparations (Abhyantara Sneha — internal oleation) from external ones (Bahya Sneha).

ConceptThe digestive and metabolic fire. The central concept in Ayurvedic physiology — all transformation in the body is a function of Agni. Thirteen types are documented: the primary Jatharagni (digestive fire) plus five Bhutagni (elemental fires) and seven Dhatvagni (tissue fires).

ConceptFood; diet. One of the three Upastambha (supporting pillars) of life alongside Nidra (sleep) and Brahmacharya. Charaka Samhita documents Ahara as the single most important factor in health maintenance.

PhysiologyThe primary essence extracted from digested food — the first product of Jatharagni's action on food. Ahara Rasa is then progressively transformed through the seven Dhatus.

ConceptUnwholesome; harmful. The opposite of Hita (wholesome/beneficial). Classical dietary chapters document both Hita (Pathya) and Ahita (Apathya) for each condition. The concept that food is medicine and harmful food is the origin of disease.

ConceptProsperity; abundance. In Ayurvedic philosophy, one of the goals supported by a healthy life alongside Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha.

PracticeContinuous Rasayana — the daily lifestyle practices that function as ongoing rejuvenation. Distinguished from classical Rasayana protocols requiring intensive retreat periods.

PanchamahabhutaSpace; ether — the first and most subtle of the five Mahabhuta. Characterised by emptiness and the quality of sound (Shabda). Provides the substrate in which all other elements exist.

FormulationA thick topical paste (1:1 herb to liquid ratio). The most concentrated of the three classical Lepa types. Applied for conditions requiring deep penetration and extended contact time.

ConceptUndigested, unprocessed, or improperly metabolised material that accumulates in the channels. Produced when Agni is impaired. The root cause of most disease according to Charaka Samhita. Characterised by heaviness, stickiness, cloudiness, and obstruction of channels.

PhysiologyThe channels carrying water and fluid in the body. Regulated by the palate (Talu) and the pancreas (Kloma) according to classical documentation.

RasaSour taste — the second Rasa. Composed of Prithvi and Agni Mahabhuta. Deepaniya, digestive-stimulating, and mildly laxative. Increases Pitta and Kapha. Amalaki demonstrates Amla Rasa without the usual Pitta-increasing effect — an example of Prabhava overriding Rasa-based prediction.

PhysiologyThe heart centre in classical Ayurvedic and yogic anatomy — the fourth energy centre. Located at the cardiac plexus. Associated with Vyana Vayu (the sub-type of Vata governing circulation).

PhysiologyThe channels carrying food — the digestive tract from mouth to colon. The primary site of Jatharagni activity. The first and most important Srotas to treat in digestive conditions.

PharmacologyThe vehicle or carrier with which a medicine is taken. Determines which channel the medicine primarily acts on. Charaka Samhita dedicates a chapter to Anupana — the same herb in different vehicles has documented different primary actions.

PhysiologyThe downward-moving sub-type of Vata. Governs elimination — urination, defecation, menstruation, childbirth, and ejaculation. Located in the lower abdomen and colon. The most commonly aggravated Vata sub-type in urban lifestyle conditions.

PharmacologyClassical quality test for Bhasma (calcined mineral preparation) — the preparation should not revert to metallic form when reheated. One of three primary Bhasma completion tests documented in Rasa Shastra texts.

DiseaseClassical term for hemicrania — migraine or unilateral headache. Documented in Shiroroga chapter of Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita as a Vata-Kapha condition.

FormulationFermented herbal decoction. The decoction is fermented with jaggery, honey, and Dhataki flowers for 30 days to produce a 5–12% alcohol preparation that is self-preserving and faster-acting than plain decoctions.

FormulationSee full entry above — fermented decoction.

HerbTerminalia arjuna — the primary classical cardiac herb. Documented in Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam for Hridaya (heart) conditions. Bark is the medicinal part. Arjunarishta is the primary classical cardiac formulation.

DiseaseHaemorrhoids — one of the major diseases documented in both Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita. Three types by Dosha dominance. Chitraka Haritaki and Kankayan Vati are primary classical Arsha formulations.

PhysiologyMenstrual blood; also the female reproductive tissue (one interpretation). Artava Vaha Srotas are the channels governing the female reproductive system. Artava Kshaya (deficiency of Artava) and Artava Vriddhi (excess) are documented Dosha-specific conditions.

DiseaseDeficiency of menstrual blood — the classical category for amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, and delayed or scanty menstruation. Shatavari, Ashoka (Saraca asoca), and Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa) are primary herbs documented for Artava Kshaya.

BranchThe eight branches of classical Ayurveda: Kayachikitsa (internal medicine), Kaumarabhritya (paediatrics), Shalya (surgery), Shalakya (ENT and ophthalmology), Bhuta Vidya (psychiatry/toxicology from spirits), Agada Tantra (toxicology), Rasayana (rejuvenation), and Vajikarana (reproductive health).

HerbWithania somnifera — the most widely prescribed Ayurvedic adaptogenic herb. Classified as Balya (strength-building) and Vayasthapana (age-arresting). Withanolides are the primary pharmacologically documented active compounds. API Vol. I, No. 1.1.6.

PhysiologyThe fifth Dhatu — bone tissue. Provides the skeletal structure of the body. Asthi is formed from Meda Dhatu through Meda Dhatvagni. Asthi Kshaya (bone depletion) is documented for osteoporosis-type conditions, joint cracking, and dental weakness. Vata Dosha is documented as most affecting Asthi.

DiseaseDiarrhoea — one of the major classical diseases documented in Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana. Six types by Dosha and combined causation. Bilva (Aegle marmelos) fruit is the primary classical herb documented for Atisara.

DiseaseCommunicable; contagious. Charaka Samhita documents a category of conditions that spread from person to person through contact, breath, and shared use — a classical concept of communicable disease that includes conditions we would recognise as infectious diseases today.

PharmacologyExternal; that which is applied externally. Bahya Kalpana refers to external preparations — Lepa (pastes), Taila applied externally, and other topical applications. Distinguished from Abhyantara (internal) preparations.

ConceptStrength; vital force. Also the herb Sida cordifolia — the namesake of the Balya group. In the physiological sense, Bala is the product of optimal Agni, clean Srotas, and adequate Dhatu formation. Three types: Sahaja (constitutional), Kalaja (seasonal), and Yuktikrita (acquired through practices).

PharmacologyStrength-building. One of the classical Gana (herb group) names — herbs that build Bala (strength). The Balya group includes Ashwagandha, Bala, Shatavari, and others documented in Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 4.

PanchakarmaTherapeutic enema — one of the five Panchakarma procedures and the most powerful intervention for Vata conditions. Two types: Anuvasana (unctuous, oil-based) and Niruhana (non-unctuous, decoction-based). Charaka Samhita documents Basti as the most important single Panchakarma procedure.

PharmacologyThe process of triturating a prepared material with fresh herb juice — a standard step in Bhasma and several other classical preparations. Bhavana dravya (the trituration medium) contributes its own properties to the final preparation.

PharmacologyA classical Karma (action) — that which splits or breaks accumulations. A category of herb action distinct from Rechana (purgation) and Anulomana (directional regulation). Documented specifically for herbs that address hard, compact Kapha or Vata accumulations.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Pitta located in the skin. Governs skin colour, complexion, and the processing of substances applied to the skin externally. The target of Varnya (skin brightening) preparations.

BranchPsychiatry and conditions attributed to exogenous causes — one of the eight Ashtanga Ayurveda branches. Encompasses both classical psychiatric conditions and treatment of conditions believed to have spiritual or toxicological causes. Manasika Roga (mental diseases) documented in Charaka Samhita are addressed within this branch.

PhysiologyThe five elemental fires — one for each Panchamahabhuta. The Bhutagni process food's elemental components to make them available for the corresponding bodily tissues. One of the thirteen classical Agni types.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Kapha located in the mouth and throat. Governs taste perception (Rasa Grahana) and the initial moistening of food. The Kapha responsible for gustatory sensation.

HerbBacopa monnieri — the primary Medhya (cognitive) herb in classical documentation. Classified in Charaka Samhita's Medhya Rasayana group. Bacosides (primary active compounds) are among the most pharmacologically documented active principles in Ayurvedic herbs.

PharmacologyEye-nourishing; beneficial for vision. A pharmacological action category for herbs and preparations documented as nourishing Drishti (eyesight) and the eye as a sense organ. Triphala Ghrita is the most documented Chakshushya preparation.

TextThe author (or the tradition represented by the name) of Charaka Samhita — the foundational Ayurvedic text of internal medicine. The text in its current form is attributed to a revision by Dridhabala (approximately 9th century CE) of an earlier work.

ConceptTreatment; therapy. One of the four components of classical treatment documentation (alongside Vyadhi — disease, Hetu — cause, and Lakshana — symptoms). The Chikitsa chapters are the treatment chapters of classical texts.

FormulationPowder — herbs dried and ground to a specified mesh size. The most commonly prescribed Ayurvedic preparation type. Acts primarily in the digestive tract. Shelf life 1–2 years. Sharangadhara Samhita specifies 120-mesh sieve and shade-drying requirements.

FormulationThe oldest and most documented classical Rasayana formulation — documented in Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana 1. An Avaleha (herbal jam) with Amalaki as the primary herb plus 35 additional herbs, ghee, sesame oil, honey, and sugar.

HerbDatura metel — documented in classical texts for specific conditions (pain, asthma) but also documented as highly toxic. The classical system classifies Datura as requiring elaborate Shodhana before use. Not for self-administration under any circumstances.

PharmacologyAgni-kindling — herbs that stimulate digestive fire without necessarily digesting Ama directly. Distinct from Pachana (which digests Ama). Trikatu (Shunthi + Pippali + Maricha) is the primary compound Deepana preparation.

PhysiologyBodily tissue — the seven structural components of the body. Rasa (plasma), Rakta (blood), Mamsa (muscle), Meda (fat/adipose), Asthi (bone), Majja (bone marrow/nerve), Shukra (reproductive). Each is formed from the previous through successive Dhatvagni action.

PhysiologyThe tissue-specific metabolic fires — seven in total, one for each Dhatu. The Dhatvagni within each tissue processes the incoming Ahara Rasa to produce the next Dhatu, the tissue's own Upadhatu (secondary tissue), and Mala (waste). One of the thirteen classical Agni types.

PracticeDaily routine — the classical documentation of health-maintaining daily practices. Documented in Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutrasthana 2. Includes waking time, oral hygiene, oil massage (Abhyanga), exercise, bathing, and dietary timing. The basis of Ayurvedic preventive health.

PharmacologyDigestive-stimulating group — the classical Gana documented in Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 4. Herbs in this group specifically kindle Agni without necessarily addressing Ama. Distinguished from Pachana (Ama-digesting).

TextA commentary or illumination — the title of several classical commentaries on the major texts. The Ashtangahridaya commentary by Hemadri is titled Sarvangasundara; the commentary by Arundatta is also widely referenced.

ConceptThe three biological humours — Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. The Dosha are not substances but functional principles governing all physiological processes. In balance they maintain health; when aggravated or depleted they produce disease. Charaka Samhita documents the Dosha as the most fundamental clinical concept in Ayurvedic diagnosis.

PharmacologySubstance; medicinal material. In classical Ayurvedic pharmacology, Dravya is the material carrier of therapeutic action — the combination of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka, and Prabhava that determines a substance's therapeutic profile.

BranchAyurvedic pharmacology — the branch of classical Ayurveda studying the properties (Guna), tastes (Rasa), potency (Virya), post-digestive effect (Vipaka), and specific actions (Prabhava) of medicinal substances. Bhavaprakasha and Dhanvantari Nighantu are primary Dravyaguna texts.

PharmacologyA herb group or category — classical herbs are organised into Gana based on primary action. Charaka Samhita Sutrasthana 4 documents 50 Gana. Examples: Jivaniya (life-promoting), Balya (strength-building), Deepaniya (digestive-stimulating), Medhya (cognitive-enhancing).

ConceptSmell; odour. The Tanmatra (subtle quality) associated with the Prithvi (Earth) Mahabhuta. The sense organ corresponding to Gandha is the nose. Gandha is also a quality used in quality testing of classical preparations.

FormulationA classical preparation of Haritaki fruit processed with castor oil (Eranda Taila) — the specific classical compound documented for Vata-type constipation and mild laxation. Widely prescribed as an evening preparation.

FormulationMedicated clarified butter (ghee). The deepest-penetrating classical preparation — documented as reaching Majja (bone marrow) and Shukra (reproductive tissue). Prepared through the classical Kalka-Kashaya-Sneha method. The primary Rasayana preparation vehicle.

HerbTribulus terrestris — the primary classical herb for urinary conditions. Part of the Laghu Panchamoola group in Dashamoola. Documented for Mutra Krichra (dysuria), urinary calculi, and as a mild Rasayana for male reproductive health. Tribulosaponins are the primary studied compounds.

DiseaseMalabsorption disorders — conditions of the Grahani (small intestine and the seat of Jatharagni). The most difficult digestive condition documented in Charaka Samhita, requiring long-term treatment. Chitraka is the primary herb documented for Grahanidosha.

HerbTinospora cordifolia — classified as Vayasthapana (age-arresting) and the primary Rasayana for Pitta conditions. Documented in Charaka Samhita's Jivaniya group. Berberine and tinosporin are primary documented active compounds.

HerbCommiphora wightii — the primary classical herb for Kapha-Vata musculoskeletal and metabolic conditions. The oleo-gum-resin of Commiphora species. Guggulsterones (E and Z) are the primary pharmacologically documented active compounds. API specifies a minimum 5% guggulsterone content.

PharmacologyQuality or attribute. In Ayurvedic pharmacology, Guna refers to the twenty paired physical qualities of all substances (Guru-Laghu, Sheeta-Ushna, Snigdha-Ruksha, etc.) that determine their therapeutic effects. Like Guna increases like; opposite Guna reduces it.

HerbTerminalia chebula — one of the three Triphala fruits. Documented as the 'mother of all herbs' in Charaka Samhita — Haritaki is the only herb documented as beneficial across all six tastes (post-digestively), enabling its tridoshic classification.

ConceptCause; aetiology. One of the four classical components of disease documentation (alongside Vyadhi, Lakshana, and Chikitsa). Classical texts document three types of cause: Asatmya Indriyartha Sanyoga (improper sensory contact), Pradjna Aparadha (intellectual error), and Parinama (seasonal change).

FormulationCold infusion — one of the five classical Kashaya types. Herbs soaked in cold water overnight and strained without heating. Preserves heat-sensitive volatile compounds. Documented for aromatic herbs and cooling Pitta conditions.

HerbFerula asafoetida — asafoetida. Primary herb for Vata-type digestive disorders — abdominal pain, flatulence, and bloating. Documented in Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam for Adhmana (bloating) and Shoola (abdominal pain).

AnatomyThe heart — both the organ and the concept. The seat of Ojas (vital essence) according to classical documentation. The Hridaya is one of the Marma (vital points) documented in Sushruta Samhita. Arjuna is the primary classical Hridaya herb.

PharmacologyBeneficial to the heart — a classical pharmacological action category. Arjuna, Amalaki, and Punarnava are primary Hridya herbs documented across the Brihat Trayi.

PanchamahabhutaWater — the fourth Mahabhuta. Characterised by liquidity, cohesion, and the quality of taste (Rasa). Governs all fluid functions in the body. Pitta and Kapha both have Jala as a component element.

HerbNardostachys jatamansi — Spikenard. Classical Medhya herb documented for Unmada (mental disorders), insomnia, and Vata conditions of the nervous system. The rhizome is the medicinal part. Jatamansone is the primary studied active compound.

PhysiologyThe primary digestive fire located in the stomach and small intestine (Grahani). The master Agni — if Jatharagni is strong, all thirteen Agni are strong. If Jatharagni is impaired, all thirteen become impaired. The clinical assessment of Jatharagni is fundamental to all Ayurvedic treatment planning.

PharmacologyLife-promoting — one of the classical Gana in Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 4. Herbs in the Jivaniya group nourish all seven Dhatus broadly. Examples include Shatavari, Vidari, Bala, and Guduchi.

DiseaseFever — the first disease documented in Charaka Samhita. Charaka devotes the longest chapter in the clinical section to Jwara, beginning with the statement that Jwara is the king of diseases. Classified by Dosha dominance and duration.

FormulationHerbal paste — one of the five classical Kashaya types. Fresh or soaked herbs ground to a paste. Used in Sneha Kalpana (ghee/oil preparation) as the Kalka component, and administered directly for specific applications.

PharmacologyPreparation; formulation — refers to the classical formulation types (Kalpana = designed creation). The Sharangadhara Samhita documents five primary Kalpana categories: Sthavar (solid stable preparations), Sandha (fermented), Sneha (fat-based), Vati-Gutika (tablets), and Avaleha (electuaries).

PharmacologyBronze — a classical material used in Kansya Taila preparations (oil cooked in bronze vessels). The interaction of oil with the copper-tin alloy of bronze is documented as producing specific Pitta-reducing and eye-nourishing properties.

DoshaOne of the three Dosha — the principle of cohesion, structure, and stability. Composed primarily of Prithvi (Earth) and Jala (Water) Mahabhuta. Governs immunity (Bala), lubrication, structural integrity, and growth. When aggravated: excess mucus, heaviness, congestion, sluggish metabolism.

ClassificationOf or caused by Kapha. The Kaphaja classification of diseases indicates Kapha Dosha dominance. Kaphaja conditions are characterised by heaviness, cold, dampness, stickiness, and obstruction.

PharmacologyAction — the specific therapeutic action of an herb or preparation. Classical pharmacology documents Karma as: Deepana (Agni-kindling), Pachana (Ama-digesting), Rechana (purgative), Shothahara (anti-inflammatory), Vedanasthapana (analgesic), and many others.

DiseaseCough — documented in Charaka Samhita as five types: Vataja, Pittaja, Kaphaja, Kshayaja (depletion-origin), and Kshataja (trauma-origin). Vasaka (Adhatoda vasica), Pippali, and Sitopaladi Churna are primary classical Kasa preparations.

FormulationDecoction — herbs boiled in sixteen parts water until reduced to one-quarter. The standard acute preparation in classical practice. Also the sixth Rasa (taste) — astringent. The dual meaning (preparation type and taste) is contextual.

RasaPungent taste — the fourth Rasa. Composed of Vayu and Agni Mahabhuta. Deepaniya, Lekhana, and channel-clearing. Increases Pitta and Vata; reduces Kapha. The primary taste of the Trikatu herbs.

BranchPaediatrics — one of the eight classical branches of Ayurveda. Documents the healthcare of children from conception through adolescence. Primary text references: Charaka Samhita (Sharira sthana), Sushruta Samhita, and Kashyapa Samhita.

ConceptThe body; also fire (Agni). Kayachikitsa (internal medicine, the primary branch of Ayurveda) literally means 'treatment of the body by fire' — reflecting the central role of Agni in the therapeutic process.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Kapha located in the stomach. Governs the moistening of food and the liquefaction required for Jatharagni's action. The first digestive fluid.

PhysiologyThe digestive Kapha — see Kledaka Kapha entry above.

ConceptThe six stages of disease progression — Sanchaya (accumulation), Prakopa (aggravation), Prasara (overflow), Sthana Samshraya (localisation), Vyakti (manifestation), and Bheda (complication). Classical diagnosis at early stages (1–3) allows complete reversal; later stages require more intensive treatment.

ConceptDepletion; decrease. One of the three pathological states of a Dosha or Dhatu (alongside Vriddhi — excess, and Sama — balanced). Kshaya of each Dosha and Dhatu has specific documented symptoms distinct from Vriddhi.

HerbAloe vera (Aloe barbadensis) — documented for Yakritvikar (liver conditions), Gulma (abdominal masses), and as a female reproductive Rasayana. The gel (Svarasa) is documented for topical burns and skin conditions. Kumaryasava is the primary classical Kumari fermented preparation.

DiseaseSkin conditions — a broad category including 18 classical skin conditions classified by Dosha dominance. Documented extensively in both Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthana) and Sushruta Samhita (Nidana and Chikitsa sthanas).

FormulationHot decoction — the standard form of Kashaya. Herbs boiled in 16 parts water until one-quarter remains. The most commonly prescribed decoction type in classical practice.

GunaLight — one of the twenty classical Guna (qualities). The quality that increases Vata and Pitta, and reduces Kapha. Opposed by Guru (heavy). Documented for herbs and foods that are easily digested and that kindle Agni.

ConceptSymptom; sign. One of the four components of classical disease documentation (alongside Hetu, Vyadhi, and Chikitsa). Lakshana documentation in classical texts is detailed and specific to Dosha combinations.

RasaSalt taste — the third Rasa. Composed of Jala and Agni Mahabhuta. Deepaniya, mildly laxative, and liquefying of secretions. Increases Pitta and Kapha. The five classical salts — Saindhava (rock salt), Samudra (sea salt), Vida, Sauvarchala, and Audbhida — have different documented properties.

PharmacologyScraping action — a Karma that removes accumulated Kapha or Meda (fat) from the channels. Distinct from Bhedana (which breaks hard accumulations). Guggulu and Chitraka are primary Lekhana herbs.

FormulationTopical paste — herb powders mixed with a liquid base for external application. Three types: Pralepa (thin), Pradeha (medium), Alepa (thick). Primary external preparation in Sushruta Samhita's surgical tradition.

HerbSymplocos racemosa — documented for Artava conditions and uterine health. Classical texts document Lodhra for Pradara (excessive vaginal discharge), Artava Kshaya, and as an astringent for mucosal conditions. API Vol. I, No. 1.1.29.

PharmacologyHoney — documented in classical texts as Yogavahi (bioavailability-enhancing carrier) and as a binder for tablet preparations. Critical classical rule: honey must never be heated above body temperature — heating destroys Yogavahi property and produces Ama. Documented for Kapha conditions, wound healing, and as an eye preparation vehicle.

RasaSweet taste — the first Rasa. Composed of Prithvi and Jala Mahabhuta. The most nourishing taste — builds all seven Dhatus. Increases Kapha; reduces Vata and Pitta. The primary taste of Rasayana herbs (Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Vidari, Bala).

PhysiologyThe sixth Dhatu — bone marrow and nerve tissue. The deepest tissue accessible to most preparations except Ghrita and Bhasma. Majja Kshaya (bone marrow depletion) is documented for neurological weakness, tinnitus, and vertigo.

PhysiologyBone marrow and nerve tissue — the sixth Dhatu. The penultimate Dhatu, formed from Asthi (bone). Majja Kshaya (bone marrow depletion) is documented for tinnitus, vertigo, and neurological weakness. Ghrita preparations are documented as the most effective form for reaching Majja.

PhysiologyThe third Dhatu — muscle tissue. Provides strength, shape, and movement. Mamsa Vriddhi (excess muscle tissue formation) is rare; Mamsa Kshaya (depletion) produces muscle wasting and weakness.

DiseaseA classical eye condition affecting the muscular coat of the eye — documented in Sushruta Samhita's Shalakya Tantra (ophthalmology) section.

ConceptMind — the eleventh sense organ in classical Ayurveda, simultaneously the governing organ of all ten Indriya (sense organs and motor organs). Manas is mobile, atomic, and one in number. Manas imbalance underlies all Manasika (psychological) conditions.

DiseaseMental diseases — classified in Charaka Samhita by the three Manas Guna: Rajasika (excess Rajas — anxiety, anger, irritability), Tamasika (excess Tamas — depression, delusion, lethargy), and combined conditions. Medhya Rasayana herbs are documented as the primary treatment alongside specific practices.

AnatomyVital point — 107 vital points documented in Sushruta Samhita where prana is concentrated. Injury to a Marma produces specific, predictable consequences. The Marma system is the basis of Ayurvedic surgical anatomy and is referenced in therapeutic massage protocols.

PhysiologyThe fourth Dhatu — fat and adipose tissue. Provides lubrication, thermal insulation, and energy storage. Meda Dhatvagni regulates fat metabolism. Meda Vriddhi (excess fat accumulation) is the classical equivalent of metabolic obesity.

PharmacologyCognitive-enhancing; brain-nourishing. One of the classical pharmacological action categories. The four primary Medhya Rasayana herbs documented in Charaka Samhita are: Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica), Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia), and Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis or Evolvulus alsinoides).

PhysiologyThe channels governing fat tissue and fat metabolism. The kidneys and Vrikka (omental fat) are the classical roots of Medovaha Srotas. Obstruction of Medovaha Srotas is documented as a primary cause of Prameha (metabolic conditions including diabetes).

GunaSoft — one of the twenty classical Guna. The quality of softness documented for ghee and Pitta-reducing substances. Opposed by Kathina (hard). Mridu Guna is documented as nourishing, gentle, and appropriate for depletion states.

DiseaseSyncope; fainting — documented in Charaka Samhita as having multiple causes including Vata aggravation in the head, Pitta-type heat conditions, and trauma. Nasya and specific Medhya preparations are documented for Murccha.

PhysiologyThe urinary channels. The kidneys (Vrikka) and the urinary bladder (Basti) are the classical roots. Obstruction produces urinary retention; excess produces frequent urination. Gokshura and Punarnava are primary herbs for Mutra Vaha Srotas conditions.

PhysiologyChannels; pulse. In classical anatomy, Nadi refers to the network of channels carrying Prana, Vata, and other physiological substances. In clinical practice, Nadi Pariksha (pulse diagnosis) is a primary diagnostic method for assessing Dosha balance.

PracticePulse diagnosis — the classical method of assessing Dosha balance through the radial pulse. Three finger positions correspond to Vata (index), Pitta (middle), and Kapha (ring) Dosha. Documented in classical texts and elaborated in later pulse texts such as Sharangadhara Samhita.

FormulationNasal administration — one of the five Panchakarma procedures. Medicated oils, ghee, or powders administered through the nasal passages to treat conditions of the head, brain, and sense organs. The nose is documented as the gateway to the brain (Shiras).

ConceptSleep — one of the three Upastambha (supporting pillars) of health alongside Ahara (food) and Brahmacharya. Charaka Samhita documents that proper sleep enables tissue repair, mental clarity, and Ojas maintenance. Nidra Viparyaya (sleep reversal — daytime sleeping, night wakefulness) is documented as a cause of multiple conditions.

DiseaseSleep reversal — sleeping during the day and waking at night. Documented in Ashtanga Hridayam as a cause of Kapha Dosha aggravation, digestive weakness, and mental dullness.

TextA classical materia medica dictionary — a text devoted to the properties of medicinal substances. The major Nighantus: Dhanvantari Nighantu, Madanapala Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu (the most comprehensive, by Bhavamishra), Raja Nighantu, and others.

PanchakarmaThe non-unctuous (decoction-based) enema — one of two Basti types. Prepared with herbal decoction, honey, rock salt, and a small proportion of oil. Documents for a broad range of conditions. Distinguished from Anuvasana Basti (oil-based).

PhysiologyThe ultimate essence of all seven Dhatus — the finest product of complete tissue metabolism. The basis of immunity (Vyadhikshamatva), vitality, and spiritual capacity. Two types: Para Ojas (8 drops, located in the heart) and Apara Ojas (distributed throughout the body). Ojas Kshaya (depletion) produces fear, weakness, and impaired immunity.

PhysiologyThe digestive Pitta — located between the stomach and small intestine. The governing Pitta sub-type that enables Jatharagni. Controls all other Pitta sub-types. Digestive support preparations primarily work through Pachaka Pitta.

PharmacologyAma-digesting — herbs that digest accumulated unprocessed material (Ama) from the channels. Distinct from Deepana (which kindles Agni). Trikatu, Chitraka, and Guduchi are primary Pachana herbs documented in classical texts.

HerbAllium cepa — onion. Documented in classical texts for Kasa (cough), Kapha conditions, and as a Deepaniya food-herb. The distinction between food-grade use (Pathya) and medicinal use is documented in classical dietary chapters.

PracticeThe five classical purification procedures: Vamana (emesis), Virechana (purgation), Basti (enema), Nasya (nasal administration), and Raktamokshana (bloodletting). Documented in Charaka Samhita, Siddhisthana and Sushruta Samhita for the removal of accumulated Doshas from specific channels.

ConceptThe five great elements — Akasha (space), Vayu (air), Agni/Tejas (fire), Jala (water), and Prithvi (earth). All matter, including the body and all medicines, is composed of these five elements in different proportions. The elemental composition of an herb determines its Rasa, Guna, and Virya.

DiseaseAnaemia — one of the major diseases documented in Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana. Classified by Dosha dominance. Lauha Bhasma (iron ash) and Mandoor Bhasma (iron oxide) are the primary classical Pandu preparations.

ConceptChange due to time and season — one of the three classical causes of disease. Seasonal changes that the body fails to adapt to produce Dosha aggravation. The basis of Ritucharya (seasonal regimen) as preventive medicine.

ConceptWholesome; that which maintains the path of health. Pathya Ahara (wholesome diet) and Apathya Ahara (unwholesome diet) are documented for every major disease category in Charaka Samhita and Ashtanga Hridayam. What is Pathya for one constitution or condition may be Apathya for another.

HerbPiper longum — long pepper. One of three Trikatu herbs alongside Shunthi and Maricha. The most deeply penetrating of the three and the only one with a sweet Vipaka (post-digestive taste), enabling its classification as a Rasayana. Piperine content 1–2%.

DoshaOne of the three Dosha — the principle of transformation, metabolism, and digestion. Composed primarily of Agni (fire) and Jala (water) Mahabhuta. Governs all digestive and metabolic processes, vision, skin colour, intelligence, and body temperature. When aggravated: inflammation, heat, acidity, sharp emotions.

PharmacologySpecific action — the unique, unpredictable action of a substance that cannot be explained by its Rasa, Guna, Virya, or Vipaka alone. The classical equivalent of a pharmacological idiosyncrasy or a specific mechanism of action that transcends the general quality-based prediction.

ConceptIntellectual error — one of the three causes of disease. Includes doing what one knows to be harmful, failing to do what one knows to be beneficial, and the general error of not following right knowledge. The psychological foundation of disease causation in classical Ayurveda.

ConceptConstitutional type — the innate psycho-physical constitution determined at conception. Determined by the Dosha proportions in the sperm and ovum at the moment of conception. Unchanging throughout life. The basis for all individualized Ayurvedic treatment — the same herb can be appropriate for one Prakriti and contraindicated in another.

DiseaseMetabolic disorders involving excess urination and turbid urine — the classical category encompassing diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Twenty types documented in Charaka Samhita. Primarily Kapha conditions, with Pitta and Vata involvement in more severe stages.

PhysiologyThe primary life force; also the sub-type of Vata located in the head and responsible for sensory reception, consciousness, and inspiration. The inhalation of Prana through Pranayama is documented as one of the primary practices for Vata management.

PhysiologyThe respiratory channels — carrying Prana through the body. Heart (Hridaya) and ten Dhamani (major vessels) are the classical roots. The channels primarily addressed by Nasya (nasal administration) and Pranayama.

PanchamahabhutaEarth — the fifth and densest Mahabhuta. Characterised by solidity, stability, heaviness, and the quality of smell (Gandha). The primary element in Kapha Dosha and in all solid, structural tissues (Mamsa, Asthi).

PanchamahabhutaEarth — the densest Mahabhuta. Provides solidity and stability. Primary element in Kapha Dosha. Characterised by heaviness, stability, and the sense quality of smell.

PanchakarmaPreparatory procedures before the main Panchakarma procedure. Includes Snehana (internal and external oleation) and Swedana (sudation/sweating). Loosens Ama and accumulated Doshas from the deep tissues and channels, moving them toward the gastrointestinal tract for elimination.

ManasOne of the three Manas (psychic/mental) Guna — the quality of activity, passion, and motion. In balanced amounts, Rajas enables action and achievement. In excess: anxiety, aggression, restlessness, and inability to settle. Pacified by Sattvic diet, Pranayama, and meditation.

PhysiologyThe second Dhatu — blood. More precisely, the cellular component of blood (the red blood cells and the component of blood that carries oxygen and colour). Distinguished from Rasa (plasma — the first Dhatu) by colour (Rakta = red) and function (Jivanam — giving life).

PanchakarmaBloodletting — the fifth Panchakarma procedure. Documented for acute Pitta-type conditions, specific skin conditions, and inflammatory conditions with blood-borne Pitta. Methods: Siravyadha (venipuncture), Pracchana (scarification), Jalaukavacharana (leech therapy), and others documented in Sushruta Samhita.

PhysiologyThe channels carrying blood. The liver (Yakrit) and spleen (Pleeha) are the classical roots. Conditions of Raktavaha Srotas include skin conditions, Rakta Pitta (bleeding disorders), and liver conditions.

PhysiologyThe Pitta sub-type in the liver and spleen — responsible for colouring the Rasa Dhatu to produce Rakta (blood). The classical explanation for jaundice (Kamala) is excess Ranjaka Pitta colouring plasma incorrectly.

ConceptTaste — one of the six qualities. Also: the first Dhatu (plasma, the first product of digestion). Also: mercury preparations (Rasa Shastra). Also: the emotional essence of experience. The contextual meaning is determined by usage. The six Rasa: Madhura (sweet), Amla (sour), Lavana (salt), Katu (pungent), Tikta (bitter), Kashaya (astringent).

BranchThe classical branch of Ayurveda dealing with minerals, metals, and mercury preparations. Primary texts: Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Rasa Tarangini, Rasa Hridaya Tantra. Requires specialised training (MD Ayurveda in Rasashastra) for clinical practice.

PhysiologyThe channels carrying Rasa (plasma) — the primary distribution channels of the body. Heart and ten Dhamani are classical roots. The first Srotas through which Ahara Rasa is distributed after absorption from the digestive tract.

PracticeRejuvenation — both a branch of classical Ayurveda and a category of preparations. Literally 'that which maintains the quality of Rasa (plasma).' Documented for: extending lifespan (Ayushya), preventing disease (Vyadhi Nash), restoring depleted tissues, enhancing cognitive function (Medhya), and maintaining strength (Balya).

FormulationThe formulation category for classical Rasayana preparations — includes Ghrita, Avaleha, and specific Bhasma preparations documented for rejuvenation. Distinguished from other formulation categories by the specific Rasayana purpose (tissue nourishment, longevity, cognitive enhancement).

PharmacologyPurgative action — herbs that stimulate downward movement through the intestines. Distinct from Anulomana (directional regularisation) which is gentler. Trivrit (Operculina turpethum) is the primary classical Rechana herb documented in Charaka Samhita.

PracticeSeasonal regimen — the Ayurvedic documentation of how diet, lifestyle, and practices should adapt to each of the six classical seasons (Ritu). Documented in Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutrasthana 3 and Charaka Samhita, Sutrasthana 6.

PracticeSeasonal regimen — see entry above.

GunaDry — one of the twenty classical Guna. The primary quality of Vata Dosha. Increases Vata; reduces Kapha. Opposed by Snigdha (unctuous). Herbs and foods with Ruksha quality dry the channels and reduce Kapha accumulations.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Pitta located in the brain/heart. Governs intelligence, determination, memory, and the achievement of desires. The Pitta sub-type responsible for mental clarity and the processing of sensory information.

PracticeCodes of ethical conduct documented in Charaka Samhita as health-maintaining. Includes: speak truthfully; act moderately; practice ahimsa (non-harm); maintain cleanliness; respect elders and teachers. Sadvritta is documented as a pillar of Manas (mental) health alongside Medhya Rasayana.

ConceptBalanced; with Ama. Sama Agni (balanced digestive fire) is the ideal state. Sama Dosha (balanced Dosha) is health. Sama Dhatu (balanced tissues) is optimal tissue formation. In contrast, 'Sama' with the prefix meaning 'with' (as in Sama Agni versus Vishamagni) refers to Agni accompanied by Ama — an important diagnostic distinction.

ConceptPathogenesis — the classical documentation of how a disease develops. Samprapti describes the sequence of causative factors, Dosha aggravation, Srotas obstruction, and tissue involvement that leads to a manifest disease condition. Understanding Samprapti guides the treatment strategy.

ConceptPathogenesis — see entry above.

FormulationFermented preparations — the category including Arishta and Asava. Sandha = fermentation. The fermentation process produces natural alcohol (5–12%) that functions as preservation medium, extraction enhancer, and absorption accelerator.

PhysiologyThe seven bodily tissues: Rasa (plasma), Rakta (blood), Mamsa (muscle), Meda (fat), Asthi (bone), Majja (bone marrow/nerve), Shukra (reproductive tissue). Each is formed from the previous through the action of the tissue-specific Dhatvagni.

ManasOf or pertaining to Sattva Guna — the quality of clarity, balance, and purity. Sattvic diet (fresh, light, nourishing foods) and Sattvic practices (regular meditation, appropriate sensory engagement) are documented as the primary way to maintain and enhance Manas (mental) health.

ConceptSound — the Tanmatra (subtle quality) associated with Akasha (space) Mahabhuta. The sense organ corresponding to Shabda is the ear. Impaired hearing is documented as a symptom of Akasha Mahabhuta imbalance.

BranchSurgery — one of the eight Ashtanga Ayurveda branches. Documented primarily in Sushruta Samhita, which describes over 300 surgical procedures and 120 surgical instruments. Sushruta is considered the founding teacher of classical Indian surgery.

ConceptPacification — one of two primary treatment strategies (alongside Shodhana/purification). Shamana aims to pacify aggravated Doshas in place without evacuating them. Appropriate when the patient is weak and cannot tolerate Shodhana, or when the Dosha aggravation is mild.

HerbAsparagus racemosus — the primary female reproductive Rasayana. Documented in Charaka Samhita's Jivaniya group. The name means 'she who has a hundred husbands' — indicating prolific nourishing and reproductive-supporting properties. Steroidal saponins (Shatavarin I–IV) are the primary pharmacologically studied compounds.

HerbAsparagus racemosus — see full entry above.

GunaCold — one of the Virya categories and one of the twenty Guna. Cold Virya directly reduces Pitta and increases Vata and Kapha. Primary herbs with Sheeta Virya include Shatavari, Bala, Vidari, and Brahmi.

PracticeHead oil massage — oil applied to the scalp and head. Documented in Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutrasthana 2 for sleep improvement, calming Vata in the head, nourishing hair and scalp, and improving eye health.

ConceptAn alternative name for Kapha — particularly used when referring to its manifestation as mucus, phlegm, and secretions. Shleshmaghna herbs (Kapha-destroying) reduce excess Shleshma in the respiratory and digestive channels.

PharmacologyPurification. Two classical meanings: (1) the purification of medicinal substances before use — specifically for metals and minerals in Bhasma preparation (the mandatory first stage of Bhasma processing); (2) Panchakarma as a whole — the five-procedure purification system for removing accumulated Doshas.

PharmacologyAnti-oedema; anti-inflammatory. A classical Karma (action) — herbs that reduce Shotha (oedema, swelling, and inflammation). The primary classical Shothahara compound is Dashamoola. Documented in Charaka Samhita's Shothaghna Gana.

PhysiologyThe seventh and final Dhatu — reproductive tissue (semen in males; the equivalent essence in females). Shukra is the finest of all Dhatus and is distributed throughout the entire body as the most refined product of complete tissue metabolism. Ojas is derived from Shukra.

PhysiologyThe channels governing reproductive tissue and semen. The testes (in males) and the entire reproductive system are the classical roots. Ashwagandha and Vidari are the primary herbs documented for Shukravaha Srotas conditions.

HerbDried ginger — Zingiber officinale. The primary Trikatu herb and the most broadly documented Deepaniya (Agni-kindling) herb. Gingerols and shogaols are primary active compounds. Documented for digestive conditions, nausea, and Vata-Kapha respiratory conditions.

DiseaseDyspnoea; breathing difficulty — one of the major respiratory conditions documented in Charaka Samhita. Five types by severity. Vasaka (Adhatoda vasica) and Pippali are primary classical Shwasa herbs. Agastya Haritaki Avaleha is the primary Avaleha preparation.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Kapha located in the joints. Provides lubrication and cushioning to all joints. Sleshaka Kapha Kshaya (depletion) is the classical explanation for dry, cracking, painful joints — a Vata-dominant condition following Kapha depletion.

PharmacologyFat; unctuous substance. Sneha Kalpana refers to fat-based preparations (Ghrita and Taila). The four classical fats documented for therapeutic use: Ghrita (cow's ghee), Taila (sesame oil), Vasa (animal fat), and Majja (bone marrow).

PanchakarmaOleation — the pre-Panchakarma procedure using fats (Sneha) internally and externally to loosen Ama and accumulated Doshas from the deep tissues. Internal Snehana: medicated ghee or oil taken orally. External Snehana: Abhyanga (massage) with medicated oil.

ConceptTouch — the Tanmatra associated with Vayu (air) Mahabhuta. The sense organ of Sparsha is the skin. Tactile sensitivity and skin disorders are associated with Vayu and Vata Dosha imbalances.

PhysiologyThe channels of the body — fourteen major channel systems documented in Charaka Samhita transporting different substances (plasma, blood, water, food, breath, etc.). The primary unit of classical Ayurvedic pathophysiology.

PathologyChannel pathology — the four ways channels can become pathological: Atipravritti (excess flow), Sanga (obstruction), Vimarga Gamana (flow in wrong direction), and Siragranthi (constriction/narrowing). Treatment addresses the specific type of Sroto Dushti.

PhysiologyBreast milk — the Upadhatu (secondary tissue) of Rasa Dhatu. Stanyajanana (promoting lactation) is a classical pharmacological action category. Shatavari, Vidari, and specific Ghrita preparations are documented as Stanyajanana.

GunaSubtle; minute — one of the twenty classical Guna. The quality of penetrating into subtle channels inaccessible to grosser substances. Ghee, piperine, and classical Bhasma preparations are documented as having high Sukshma quality.

TextThe author of Sushruta Samhita — the primary classical text of surgery. Considered the father of surgery in the Indian tradition. Sushruta Samhita documents rhinoplasty, cataract surgery, intestinal surgery, and over 120 surgical instruments and 300 surgical procedures.

PharmacologySweat; also the Mala (waste product) from Meda Dhatu (fat tissue). In Panchakarma, Swedan (sudation) is the second pre-procedure after Snehana, used to open the channels further and move Ama toward the gastrointestinal tract.

PanchakarmaSudation — the second pre-Panchakarma procedure. Heat applied to the body to produce sweating and further channel-opening after Snehana. Multiple types: steam (Sarvanga Bashpa), herbal bolus (Pinda Sweda), dry heat (Upanaha), and others documented in classical texts.

FormulationMedicated oil — sesame or other base oil processed with herbs through the classical Sneha Kalpana method. Primary use in external Abhyanga (Panchakarma) and for internal Vata conditions. Also the base for Basti (unctuous enema) preparations.

FormulationSee full entry above.

ManasThe Guna of inertia, darkness, and heaviness — one of the three Manas (mental/psychic) Guna. In excess: lethargy, confusion, delusion, and depression. Ayurvedic psychology seeks to reduce Tamas and increase Sattva through diet, lifestyle, and mental practices.

PhysiologyThe sub-type of Kapha located in the brain and sinuses. Nourishes the sense organs and the brain. Tarpaka Kapha Kshaya is documented for dry sinuses, decreased sensory acuity, and certain neurological depletion conditions.

PanchamahabhutaFire — the third Mahabhuta. Sometimes used interchangeably with Agni. Characterised by heat, transformation, and the quality of form/sight (Rupa). The primary element in Pitta Dosha.

GunaSharp; penetrating — one of the twenty classical Guna. The quality of rapid, incisive action. Chitraka and Maricha have high Tikshna quality — explaining their potent Deepaniya (Agni-kindling) and Krimighna (antimicrobial) actions.

RasaBitter taste — the fifth Rasa. Composed of Akasha and Vayu Mahabhuta. Documented as Deepana (digestive-stimulating), Ama-pachana (Ama-digesting), antipyretic, antiparasitic, and Pitta-reducing. Despite being unpleasant alone, bitter taste is documented as the most consistently beneficial for internal purification.

RasaBitter taste — see Tikta entry above.

ConceptThe three Dosha together — Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. Tridosha theory is the foundational framework of Ayurvedic physiology, pathology, and treatment. The relative proportion of the three Dosha determines Prakriti (constitution); their imbalance determines Vikriti (current pathological state).

FormulationThree pungents — the classical compound of Shunthi (dried ginger) + Pippali (long pepper) + Maricha (black pepper). The primary Deepaniya compound for kindling Agni and reducing Kapha. Documented in Ashtanga Hridayam, Sutrasthana.

HerbThree fruits — the classical compound of Amalaki + Haritaki + Bibhitaki. Tridoshic in balanced use. The most broadly prescribed Ayurvedic compound preparation. Acts on all three Dosha and all seven Dhatu while being simultaneously Rasayana and gentle Rechana.

HerbSee full entry above.

HerbOcimum tenuiflorum (sanctum) — Holy Basil. Primary Kaphahara and Vatahara herb for respiratory conditions. Classified as Hridya (beneficial to heart), Deepaniya, Krimighna, and Kasahara. Eugenol is the primary volatile active compound.

AnatomySkin — the Upadhatu (secondary tissue) of Mamsa Dhatu (muscle tissue). The outermost boundary of the body. Twak Pariksha (skin examination) is one of the eight-fold classical examination methods (Ashtavidha Pariksha).

PhysiologyThe upward-moving sub-type of Vata. Located in the chest and throat. Governs speech, expression, effort, and the ascending movement of Prana. Udana Vata Kshaya is documented for weak voice, low vital energy, and difficulty expressing.

PhysiologySecondary tissue — the by-product of each Dhatu's metabolic process, distinct from the primary Dhatu and distinct from the Mala (waste). Each Dhatu produces one Upadhatu: Rasa → Stanya (breast milk) and Artava (menstrual blood); Rakta → Kandara (tendons) and Sira (vessels); Mamsa → Vasa (subcutaneous fat) and Twak (skin); etc.

PhysiologySecondary tissue — see entry above.

GunaHot — one of the twenty classical Guna and one of the two Virya (potency) categories. Hot Virya directly increases Pitta and reduces Kapha and Vata. Herbs with Ushna Virya include Ashwagandha, black pepper, ginger, and Chitraka.

PanchakarmaA specialised Basti administered through the urethra (in males) or vagina/urethra (in females) for conditions of the reproductive and urinary organs. Distinct from the standard rectal Basti. Documented in Charaka Samhita and Sushruta Samhita for Mutrakrichra (dysuria), Shukra conditions, and specific gynaecological conditions.

TextThe author of Ashtanga Hridayam and Ashtanga Sangraha — the most widely used classical reference texts in current Ayurvedic clinical practice, particularly in the Kerala tradition. Vagbhata (approximately 7th century CE) compiled the most practically accessible synthesis of the earlier Brihat Trayi texts.

BranchReproductive health and aphrodisiac science — one of the eight Ashtanga Ayurveda branches. Documents herbs, formulations, and practices for enhancing Shukra (reproductive tissue) quality and quantity, sexual function, and fertility. Ashwagandha, Vidari, and Musali are primary Vajikarana herbs.

PanchakarmaTherapeutic emesis — the first Panchakarma procedure. Documented specifically for Kapha conditions: bronchitis (Kasa), asthma (Shwasa), skin conditions (Kushtha), and Kapha-dominant conditions of the head and chest. Performed with specific emetic preparations after adequate Snehana and Swedana.

PanchakarmaSee entry above.

PharmacologySkin-brightening; complexion-improving. A classical pharmacological action category for herbs and preparations documented for improving Varna (skin colour and complexion). Kumkumadi preparations and Nalpamaradi Taila are primary Varnya preparations.

DoshaOne of the three Dosha — the principle of movement, space, and communication. Composed of Akasha (space) and Vayu (air) Mahabhuta. Governs all movement — both physical (breathing, heartbeat, peristalsis) and mental (nerve impulses, sensory reception). When aggravated: pain, stiffness, anxiety, dryness, constipation, insomnia.

DiseaseVata disorders — the most extensive disease chapter in Charaka Samhita (Chikitsasthana 28). Documents over 80 conditions caused by Vata aggravation including all neurological, musculoskeletal, and movement disorders. Bala Taila, Dashamoola, and Basti are the primary treatments documented.

FormulationTablets or pills — herb powders bound with honey, jaggery, or gum into solid tablet form. The most commercially dominant modern Ayurvedic formulation type. Enables precise dosing, extended shelf life, and portability. Documented in Sharangadhara Samhita, Madhyama Khanda 7.

PharmacologyAge-arresting — a classical pharmacological action category for herbs documented as delaying ageing and maintaining youthful tissue quality. Charaka Samhita documents 10 Vayasthapana herbs including Ashwagandha, Shatavari, Brahmi, Guduchi, and Vidari. One of the defining properties of Rasayana herbs.

PanchamahabhutaAir — the second Mahabhuta. Characterised by movement, lightness, and the quality of touch (Sparsha). The primary element in Vata Dosha. Governs all movement and communication in the body.

ConceptDisease; pathological change. The Sanskrit word for disease reflects the classical understanding — health is the natural state, and disease is a deviation (Vikaara = change, alteration). The Ayurvedic treatment goal is not merely symptom management but restoration of the natural, undisturbed state.

ConceptCurrent pathological state — the current Dosha imbalance. Distinguished from Prakriti (innate constitutional type). Treatment is directed at Vikriti; Prakriti determines which herbs, foods, and practices are safe long-term. The same Vikriti in two people with different Prakriti may require different approaches.

FormulationA semi-liquid rice preparation — thin gruel used in post-Panchakarma Samsarjana Krama (dietary restoration protocol). The first food reintroduced after Shodhana procedures. The gradual dietary reintroduction documented in classical texts (from Peya to Vilepika to Akrita Yusa to Kritanna) allows the digestive fire to rebuild progressively.

PharmacologyPost-digestive taste — the taste an herb or food registers after complete digestion. Three classical Vipaka: Madhura (sweet), Amla (sour), and Katu (pungent). Vipaka determines the long-term effect of a substance on the Dhatus — sweet Vipaka nourishes; pungent Vipaka dries and stimulates.

PanchakarmaPurgation — the second Panchakarma procedure. Documented specifically for Pitta conditions: inflammatory conditions, skin conditions, liver conditions, and Pitta-dominant diseases. Performed with specific purgative preparations after adequate Snehana and Swedana.

PharmacologyPotency — the active power of a substance. Two classical Virya: Ushna (hot) and Sheeta (cold). Some texts document six Virya. Virya is the property that produces the immediate therapeutic action — it works more quickly than Rasa and before Vipaka.

PharmacologyAnti-toxic; antidote — a classical Karma category for herbs documented for treating poisoning and detoxification. Agada Tantra (toxicology branch) documents specific Vishaghna preparations for different types of poisoning.

ConceptIncrease; excess. One of the three states of a Dosha or Dhatu (alongside Kshaya — decrease, and Sama — balance). Each Dosha's Vriddhi has specific documented signs and symptoms that guide treatment toward pacification.

ConceptImmunity — the capacity to resist disease. The classical equivalent of the modern concept of immune function. Ojas is the material basis of Vyadhikshamatva. Guduchi and Ashwagandha are the primary herbs documented for enhancing Vyadhikshamatva.

AnatomyThe liver — one of the classical roots of the Raktavaha Srotas (blood channels). The primary organ of Rakta Dhatu formation. Yakritvikar (liver disease) is documented in Charaka Samhita, Chikitsasthana. Kutki (Picrorhiza kurroa) and Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata) are primary Yakrit herbs.

HerbGlycyrrhiza glabra — licorice root. One of the four Medhya Rasayana herbs documented in Charaka Samhita. Documented for respiratory, digestive, and cognitive conditions. Glycyrrhizin (primary active compound) requires attention in hypertensive patients.

HerbGlycyrrhiza glabra — see full entry above.

PracticeUnion; also therapeutic practice combinations. In Ayurvedic pharmacology, Yoga refers to a compound formulation (the union of multiple herbs). In the broader sense, classical Yoga practices are documented as complementary to Ayurvedic treatment.

PharmacologyCarrier; potentiator — a substance that enhances the bioavailability and therapeutic action of whatever it is combined with without altering the combined substance's essential properties. Honey (Madhu) is the primary Yogavahi documented in classical texts. Piperine (from Pippali and Maricha) demonstrates documented Yogavahi action by inhibiting P-glycoprotein efflux.

ConceptAcquired strength — the Bala (strength) produced through proper diet, lifestyle, and treatments. One of the three types of Bala alongside Sahaja (constitutional) and Kalaja (seasonal). Rasayana protocols specifically aim to build Yuktikrita Bala.