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Canonical Definition
The Yajur Veda is a collection of ritual formulas and prose directions used by the Adhvaryu priest, the officiant responsible for the physical performance of the Vedic sacrifice — measuring the ground, building the altar, handling the sacrificial implements — while reciting the appropriate yajus at each step. It survives in two distinct recensions: the Śukla ("White" or "clear") Yajurveda, whose Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā keeps mantra and ritual-explanation separate, and the Kṛṣṇa ("Black" or "mixed") Yajurveda, whose Taittirīya Saṃhitā and related recensions interweave mantra and explanatory prose together.
Etymology: Sanskrit yajus (a sacrificial formula, from yaj, "to worship, to sacrifice") + veda (knowledge).

Sacred Texts

Ṛg Veda Sāma Veda Yajur Veda Atharva Veda Upaniṣads Bhagavad Gīta Mahābhārata Rāmāyaṇa Yoga Sūtras Yoga Vāsiṣṭha Purāṇas Dharmaśāstra Manusmṛti Arthaśāstra Vivekacūḍāmaṇi
2
Major recensions
~1,975
Verses (Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā)
40
Chapters (Śukla recension)
c.1400–1000 BCE
Composition period

Two recensions — Kṛṣṇa and Śukla

The Yajur Veda is unusual among the four Vedas for surviving in two significantly different textual traditions. The Kṛṣṇa (Black) Yajurveda mixes mantras with explanatory Brāhmaṇa-style prose directly within the Saṃhitā itself — giving it, in the tradition's own description, a "mixed" or less orderly character. Its best-preserved and most-studied recension is the Taittirīya Saṃhitā, organized into seven kāṇḍas (books) and 651 anuvākas. Other surviving Kṛṣṇa recensions include the Maitrāyaṇī, Kāṭhaka, and Kapiṣṭhala Saṃhitās.

The Śukla (White) Yajurveda keeps mantra and ritual explanation cleanly separated — the mantras form the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā (named for Vājasaneya, a patronymic of the sage Yājñavalkya), while the explanatory material forms its own separate text, the Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa. Two recensions survive: Vājasaneyi Mādhyandina and Vājasaneyi Kāṇva.

The Śrī Rudram

Among the Yajur Veda's most significant liturgical contributions is the Śrī Rudram (also called the Rudra Praśna), found in the Taittirīya Saṃhitā (book 4, chapters 5 and 7) — a hymn consisting of the Namakam (a long litany of salutations to Rudra in his many forms and associations, each beginning namaḥ) and the Chamakam (a litany of requests). The phrase at the heart of the Pañcākṣarī mantra, Oṃ Namaḥ Śivāya, has its textual root here.

Mantras from the Yajur Veda tradition, in full

Several mantras and invocations in this codex's Mantras section are drawn from, or textually rooted in, the Yajur Veda and its associated Upaniṣads:

ॐ नमः शिवाय
Oṃ Namaḥ Śivāya
Śrī Rudram, Taittirīya Saṃhitā
ॐ त्र्यम्बकं यजामहे...
Mahāmṛtyuñjaya Mantra
Also in Yajur Veda
ॐ पूर्णमदः पूर्णमिदं...
Oṃ Pūrṇamadaḥ Pūrṇamidam
Īśāvāsya & Bṛhadāraṇyaka (Śukla)
ॐ सह नाववतु...
Oṃ Saha Nāvavatu
Taittirīya Upaniṣad (Kṛṣṇa)
हरे कृष्ण हरे कृष्ण...
Hare Kṛṣṇa Mahāmantra
Kali-Saṇṭāraṇa Upaniṣad (Kṛṣṇa)

Associated Upaniṣads

More major Upaniṣads are attached to the Yajur Veda than to any other Veda. The Śukla recension carries the Īśāvāsya Upaniṣad (uniquely embedded directly within the Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā itself, rather than as a separate text) and the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad, the longest and one of the oldest of the major Upaniṣads. The Kṛṣṇa recension carries the Taittirīya, Kaṭha, Śvetāśvatara, and Maitrī Upaniṣads.

A note on the Agnicayana ritual The Taittirīya Saṃhitā's fourth book contains an extended sequence of verses for the Agnicayana (fire-altar construction) ritual, addressed to Savitṛ and other deities and describing, in dense poetic language, the harnessing of mind and thought to construct the sacred fire altar — among the most studied portions of Yajur Vedic literature for what it reveals about Vedic ritual cosmology.

Michael Witzel, "Vedas and Upaniṣads," in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (ed. Flood, Blackwell, 2003). Patrick Olivelle, The Early Upaniṣads (Oxford University Press, 1998).

Sources used on this page

  1. Tier 1 — Primary text: Taittirīya Saṃhitā, Book 4 (Śrī Rudram); Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā
  2. Tier 2 — Academic: Michael Witzel, "Vedas and Upaniṣads" in Gavin Flood (ed.), The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Blackwell, 2003)
  3. Tier 2 — Academic: Patrick Olivelle, The Early Upaniṣads (Oxford University Press, 1998)