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🇮🇳
India
Full section on this page
World's largest user of traditional biomass · 10.6 GW installed biomass power · Gobar Dhan and SATAT biogas schemes.
🇬🇧
United Kingdom
Jump to Drax Power Station
Drax — world's largest dedicated biomass plant (3,906 MW), pursuing the world's first commercial BECCS project.
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United States
Full country profile →
POET — largest US ethanol producer, 30+ biorefineries · pioneering cellulosic ethanol.
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Brazil
Full country profile →
Raízen and São Martinho — world's largest sugarcane ethanol industry.
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China
Full country profile →
Shenzhen Dongbu — world's largest waste-to-energy plant, 550 MW.
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Finland
Jump to Alholmens Kraft
Alholmens Kraft — was the world's largest biomass plant at its 2001 commissioning.
🇸🇪
Sweden
Jump to Igelsta CHP
Igelsta CHP — waste-wood district heating for the Stockholm region.
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Canada
Jump to Atikokan GS
Atikokan — converted from coal to 100% wood-pellet biomass in 2014.
🇩🇰
Denmark
Jump to Roskilde plant
Roskilde waste-to-energy — famous for its rooftop ski slope.
Prefer facilities over countries? Jump straight to the major bioenergy installations, GPS-located ↓
"Humanity's first energy source — fire from wood — is also among its most contested today. The same molecule of carbon released from burning a log was absorbed from the atmosphere by that tree as it grew. Whether bioenergy is 'carbon neutral' depends entirely on whether a new tree grows to absorb that carbon back. The answer is not in the fire — it is in what happens to the land."
— The Energy Codex · observation without advocacy · thecodex.expert
Cluster 1 · What is it?
What biomass energy is — precisely
Biomass is any organic material — plant matter, wood, agricultural residues, food waste, animal dung — that stores chemical energy derived from sunlight via photosynthesis. When biomass is burned or converted to another fuel, this stored chemical energy is released. Unlike fossil fuels, biomass is potentially renewable: new plants grow to replace what was burned. Whether the carbon emitted is reabsorbed depends on land management practices.
In plain English: Plants use sunlight to grow — pulling carbon dioxide from the air and turning it into wood, leaves, and roots. This is photosynthesis. When wood burns, it releases that stored energy back as heat and light — and releases the carbon as CO₂. If a new tree grows in its place, that new tree absorbs the same CO₂. This is why bioenergy can be "carbon neutral" in theory: the cycle completes itself. In practice, it depends on whether forests are actually replanted, how long that takes (decades for a mature forest), and what else is affected (biodiversity, soil, water). The IEA and IPCC both identify sustainable bioenergy as genuinely important for net-zero, while also warning that unsustainable bioenergy can be worse than fossil fuels for the climate.
The two completely different worlds of bioenergy:
Traditional biomass: Open fires and simple stoves burning wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residues. Used by approximately 2.3 billion people in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and parts of Latin America for cooking and heating. The primary energy source for these households. Problems: indoor air pollution (WHO estimates ~3.8 million deaths per year from household air pollution), inefficiency (only 10–20% of energy in wood reaches the cooking pot vs 60–80% for LPG), deforestation where biomass is not sustainably harvested.
Modern bioenergy: Processed and engineered biomass: wood pellets in industrial boilers, biogas from digesters, cellulosic ethanol from crop residues, biodiesel from vegetable oils. Efficiency 50–80%+. Can be used in existing infrastructure (blend with diesel, burn in converted coal plants). The IEA and IRENA treat modern bioenergy as a key bridge fuel in the energy transition.
Traditional biomass: Open fires and simple stoves burning wood, charcoal, dung, and crop residues. Used by approximately 2.3 billion people in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and parts of Latin America for cooking and heating. The primary energy source for these households. Problems: indoor air pollution (WHO estimates ~3.8 million deaths per year from household air pollution), inefficiency (only 10–20% of energy in wood reaches the cooking pot vs 60–80% for LPG), deforestation where biomass is not sustainably harvested.
Modern bioenergy: Processed and engineered biomass: wood pellets in industrial boilers, biogas from digesters, cellulosic ethanol from crop residues, biodiesel from vegetable oils. Efficiency 50–80%+. Can be used in existing infrastructure (blend with diesel, burn in converted coal plants). The IEA and IRENA treat modern bioenergy as a key bridge fuel in the energy transition.
Biomass carbon accounting is governed by the "carbon debt" concept. When a forest is harvested for bioenergy, the carbon is emitted immediately. The time for regrowth to sequester equivalent carbon (the "carbon payback period") ranges from decades for managed forests to centuries for old-growth. The IPCC AR6 lifecycle emissions for biomass electricity range from -1,400 g CO₂/kWh (BECCS with net carbon removal) to +1,400 g CO₂/kWh (unsustainable biomass with long payback periods and high process emissions) — spanning the entire range of any technology in its lifecycle tables. Sustainable forest biomass: ~40–230 g CO₂/kWh. Key certification standards: FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), SBP (Sustainable Biomass Program — Drax's primary certification), RED II (EU Renewable Energy Directive sustainability criteria for bioenergy). The EU's RED III (2022) sets minimum greenhouse gas savings requirements (70–85% vs fossil fuels) for biomass used in power generation. Anaerobic digestion energy balance: Net energy ratio typically 4–7:1 (output/input). Feedstock carbon content determines biogas yield: lipids ~1,000 mL CH₄/g VS, proteins ~490 mL CH₄/g VS, carbohydrates ~370 mL CH₄/g VS.
Source: IPCC AR6 Annex II · IEA Renewables 2024 · EU RED III (2022/2414)
~10%Share of global primary energy (IEA 2024)
2.3 billionPeople using traditional biomass daily
~15 EJModern bioenergy annual production
3.8M deathsPer year from household biomass smoke (WHO)
Cluster 3 · Types
Five types of bioenergy
Solid biomass — wood, pellets, chips
The largest category. Includes traditional firewood, wood chips, and manufactured wood pellets. Pellets are compressed sawdust and wood residues — standardised cylinders of 6–8 mm diameter, ~4.7 kWh/kg energy content. Used in industrial boilers (Drax), residential heating (Scandinavia), and co-firing with coal. Global wood pellet trade: ~44 million tonnes/year (2023). Largest exporters: USA, Canada, Latvia, Russia. Largest importer: UK.
Biogas — from organic waste
Methane-rich gas produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) — bacteria breaking down organic matter (food waste, agricultural slurry, sewage) in sealed tanks without oxygen. Typically 55–65% CH₄, 35–45% CO₂. Used directly for heating and cooking, or upgraded to biomethane (renewable natural gas) for injection into the gas grid, or converted to electricity in gas engines. India's national Gobar Dhan programme promotes biogas from cattle dung. Sewage treatment plants globally produce biogas as a by-product.
Liquid biofuels — transport fuels
Bioethanol: Made by fermenting sugars (from sugarcane, corn, wheat) with yeast. USA (~58 billion litres/year from corn) and Brazil (~34 billion litres from sugarcane) are the two largest producers — together ~83% of global supply. Blended with petrol at 5–85% (E5, E10, E85). Brazilian sugarcane ethanol has lifecycle emissions ~70–90% lower than petrol.
Biodiesel: Made by transesterification of vegetable oils (rapeseed, soybean, palm) or animal fats with methanol. Blended with diesel at 5–20% (B5, B20). Controversy: palm oil biodiesel can have higher lifecycle emissions than fossil diesel due to deforestation. Source: IEA Renewables 2024
Biodiesel: Made by transesterification of vegetable oils (rapeseed, soybean, palm) or animal fats with methanol. Blended with diesel at 5–20% (B5, B20). Controversy: palm oil biodiesel can have higher lifecycle emissions than fossil diesel due to deforestation. Source: IEA Renewables 2024
Agricultural residues & dedicated crops
Residues: Straw, sugarcane bagasse, rice husks, corn stover — by-products of food production that can be burned or digested for energy without competing with food. Bagasse powers most of Brazil's sugarcane mills. India generates approximately 500 MT of crop residue annually — much is burned in fields (contributing to Delhi's severe air pollution).
Dedicated energy crops: Miscanthus, switchgrass, short-rotation coppice (willow, poplar) — fast-growing crops specifically grown for energy. Can grow on marginal land not suitable for food. Lower lifecycle emissions than annual food crops for energy.
Dedicated energy crops: Miscanthus, switchgrass, short-rotation coppice (willow, poplar) — fast-growing crops specifically grown for energy. Can grow on marginal land not suitable for food. Lower lifecycle emissions than annual food crops for energy.
Municipal solid waste (MSW) — waste to energy
Burning municipal solid waste to generate electricity — approximately 2,000 waste-to-energy plants globally. The biological fraction of MSW is classified as bioenergy; the plastic/synthetic fraction is fossil fuel combustion. Large plants:
Roskilde, Denmark (55.64°N 12.03°E) — 500,000 tonnes/year, 40 MW electric + 250 MW heat, district heating for Copenhagen area. Unusual architecture — doubles as a ski slope.
Shenzhen Dongbu, China (22.65°N 114.33°E) — 5,000 tonnes/day, 550 MW — world's largest waste-to-energy plant. Source: ISWA (International Solid Waste Association)
Roskilde, Denmark (55.64°N 12.03°E) — 500,000 tonnes/year, 40 MW electric + 250 MW heat, district heating for Copenhagen area. Unusual architecture — doubles as a ski slope.
Shenzhen Dongbu, China (22.65°N 114.33°E) — 5,000 tonnes/day, 550 MW — world's largest waste-to-energy plant. Source: ISWA (International Solid Waste Association)
Cluster 13 · Named instances
Major bioenergy installations — located
| # | Facility | Country | GPS | Capacity | Type | Operator / notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Drax Power Station | UK | 53.73°N 1.04°W | 3,906 MW (4 units biomass + 2 units gas) | Wood pellets (biomass) | Drax Group · Selby, Yorkshire · World's largest dedicated biomass power plant · Converted from coal 2012–2022 · Processes ~8 million tonnes wood pellets/year |
| 2 | Alholmens Kraft | Finland | 63.85°N 23.13°E | 240 MW electric + 100 MW heat | Wood chips, peat, bark | EPV Energia · Pietarsaari · World's largest biomass-fuelled power plant at time of commissioning (2001) |
| 3 | Igelsta CHP | Sweden | 59.21°N 17.63°E | 260 MW thermal + 80 MW electric | Waste wood, recycled wood | Söderenergi · Södertälje · District heating for Stockholm region |
| 4 | Atikokan GS | Canada | 48.75°N 91.64°W | 211 MW | Wood pellets | Ontario Power Generation · Ontario · Converted from coal to 100% biomass 2014 |
| 5 | Shenzhen Dongbu W2E | China | 22.65°N 114.33°E | 550 MW | Municipal solid waste | China Resources Power · 5,000 tonnes/day · World's largest waste-to-energy plant |
| 6 | Lynemouth Power Station | UK | 55.19°N 1.52°W | 420 MW | Wood pellets | Czech-owned (EP UK) · Northumberland · Converted from coal 2018 |
| 7 | POET Biorefinery | USA | 41.87°N 95.58°W | 550 million litres/year ethanol | Cellulosic / corn ethanol | POET LLC · Emmetsburg, Iowa · Largest ethanol producer · Also operates Project Liberty cellulosic ethanol plant |
| 8 | São Martinho Sugar & Ethanol | Brazil | 22.07°S 48.07°W | ~2.8M tonnes sugar + 1.4B litres ethanol/year | Sugarcane bioethanol | São Martinho Group · São Paulo state · Typical large Brazilian integrated mill |
| 9 | Roskilde Waste-to-Energy | Denmark | 55.64°N 12.03°E | 40 MW electric + 250 MW heat | Municipal solid waste | VEKS · Roskilde · Famous ski slope roof · 500,000 tonnes/year waste |
GPS: WRI GPPD (CC BY 4.0) · operator disclosures · IRENA 2024
Cluster 11 · BECCS — bioenergy with carbon capture and storage
BECCS — the technology that could make bioenergy carbon-negative
How BECCS works
BECCS combines bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Plants absorb CO₂ from the atmosphere as they grow. When burned for energy, that CO₂ is captured at the power station instead of being released to the atmosphere, and injected underground for permanent storage. Net result: energy is generated AND atmospheric CO₂ is permanently removed — making it carbon-negative.
Drax BECCS project: Drax Power Station (53.73°N 1.04°W) is developing the world's first commercial BECCS project at scale. Target: capture approximately 8 million tonnes of CO₂ per year — equivalent to removing approximately 4 million cars from the road. Capital cost: ~£2 billion. Requires government support under the UK's Industrial Clusters Mission. Target completion: early 2030s. Source: Drax Group BECCS
Drax BECCS project: Drax Power Station (53.73°N 1.04°W) is developing the world's first commercial BECCS project at scale. Target: capture approximately 8 million tonnes of CO₂ per year — equivalent to removing approximately 4 million cars from the road. Capital cost: ~£2 billion. Requires government support under the UK's Industrial Clusters Mission. Target completion: early 2030s. Source: Drax Group BECCS
BECCS controversy — what the debate is about
The IEA and IPCC include BECCS in net-zero scenarios as one of the few technologies that can achieve negative emissions at scale. But BECCS is controversial for several reasons:
Land use: Scaling BECCS to the levels in IPCC scenarios (1–5 Gt CO₂/year removal) could require enormous areas of land for biomass crops — competing with food, biodiversity, and water. Estimates range from an area the size of India to twice the size of India.
Carbon debt: Whether burning forest biomass and capturing the CO₂ is truly carbon-negative depends on the sustainability of the forest management and the carbon debt repayment timeline.
Additionality: Is the biomass being grown specifically for BECCS, or is it waste/residue that would otherwise decay naturally?
The scientific consensus: sustainable small-scale BECCS using genuine waste biomass has clear value. Large-scale BECCS from energy crops is highly uncertain. Source: IPCC AR6 · Royal Society 2023 report on BECCS.
Land use: Scaling BECCS to the levels in IPCC scenarios (1–5 Gt CO₂/year removal) could require enormous areas of land for biomass crops — competing with food, biodiversity, and water. Estimates range from an area the size of India to twice the size of India.
Carbon debt: Whether burning forest biomass and capturing the CO₂ is truly carbon-negative depends on the sustainability of the forest management and the carbon debt repayment timeline.
Additionality: Is the biomass being grown specifically for BECCS, or is it waste/residue that would otherwise decay naturally?
The scientific consensus: sustainable small-scale BECCS using genuine waste biomass has clear value. Large-scale BECCS from energy crops is highly uncertain. Source: IPCC AR6 · Royal Society 2023 report on BECCS.
Cluster 2 · Q9 · India and bioenergy
India and biomass — from dung fires to biogas missions
India's biomass landscape
India is the world's largest user of traditional biomass — approximately 700 million people (55% of the rural population) still use wood, cow dung, and agricultural residues as their primary cooking fuel (IEA 2024). Indoor air pollution from these fuels causes approximately 480,000 premature deaths per year in India (WHO 2022).
India generates approximately 500 million tonnes of agricultural residue per year — of which an estimated 92 million tonnes are burned in fields (primarily in Punjab and Haryana post-harvest), causing severe air quality events including Delhi's winter smog.
India's total biomass power capacity: approximately 10.6 GW installed (), primarily using bagasse (sugarcane residue) and agricultural waste. Source: MNRE India 2024
India generates approximately 500 million tonnes of agricultural residue per year — of which an estimated 92 million tonnes are burned in fields (primarily in Punjab and Haryana post-harvest), causing severe air quality events including Delhi's winter smog.
India's total biomass power capacity: approximately 10.6 GW installed (), primarily using bagasse (sugarcane residue) and agricultural waste. Source: MNRE India 2024
India's biogas and biofuel programmes
Gobar Dhan scheme: Government programme converting cattle dung and organic waste to biogas and bio-CNG. Target: 500 compressed biogas (CBG) plants by 2023 (significantly behind schedule). Biogas from 30 kg of cattle dung per day replaces one LPG cylinder per month for a household.
SATAT scheme: Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation — promotes Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) as a transport fuel. Target: 5,000 CBG plants producing 15 million tonnes CBG/year by 2023 (behind target).
National Biofuel Policy 2018: Targets 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025 (from domestic sugarcane and grain). India achieved approximately 12% blending in 2023 — significantly ahead of previous targets. Ethanol production from molasses and grain is growing rapidly.
Source: MNRE India · Ministry of Petroleum, India
SATAT scheme: Sustainable Alternative Towards Affordable Transportation — promotes Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) as a transport fuel. Target: 5,000 CBG plants producing 15 million tonnes CBG/year by 2023 (behind target).
National Biofuel Policy 2018: Targets 20% ethanol blending in petrol by 2025 (from domestic sugarcane and grain). India achieved approximately 12% blending in 2023 — significantly ahead of previous targets. Ethanol production from molasses and grain is growing rapidly.
Source: MNRE India · Ministry of Petroleum, India
Cluster 7 · Companies
The world's major bioenergy companies
Drax Group · UK · LSE listed
Operates Drax Power Station (3,906 MW, world's largest biomass plant). CEO: Will Gardiner. Purchasing wood pellets from managed North American forests certified under SBP. Developing BECCS project targeting 8 Mt CO₂ removal/year. Revenue 2023: ~£5.7 billion. Source: Drax Annual Report 2023
Enviva · USA · NYSE listed
World's largest industrial wood pellet producer and supplier. HQ Bethesda, Maryland. Operates 11 manufacturing plants in southeastern USA. Supplies ~6 million tonnes wood pellets/year to Drax, Ørsted, and Japanese utilities. Revenue 2023: ~$1.7 billion. Filed for bankruptcy protection 2024 — major financial stress in the wood pellet industry. Source: Enviva Annual Report 2023
POET · USA · Private
Largest US ethanol producer. HQ Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Founded by Jeff Broin. Operates 30+ biorefineries across the US Midwest producing ~6 billion litres/year of ethanol. Also operates Project Liberty — cellulosic ethanol from corn stover at Emmetsburg, Iowa (first commercial cellulosic plant in the USA). Source: POET LLC
Raízen · Brazil · B3 listed
Joint venture between Shell and Cosan. World's largest sugarcane processor and second-largest ethanol producer. 35 sugar and ethanol plants across Brazil. Also operates Brazil's Raízen E2G (second-generation cellulosic ethanol from bagasse) — the world's largest cellulosic ethanol plant at Piracicaba, São Paulo (22.74°S 47.64°W). Source: Raízen Annual Report 2023
Orsted · Denmark · Bioenergy division
Better known for offshore wind, Ørsted also operates Avedøre Power Station (55.59°N 12.46°E) — Denmark's largest combined heat and power plant, running on biomass (straw, wood chips, wood pellets). Denmark's entire district heating system is transitioning to biomass + heat pumps as the country phases out coal. Source: Ørsted Annual Report 2023
NTPC Green Energy · India
NTPC Limited's green subsidiary developing biomass co-firing projects at NTPC's coal plants. Co-firing 5–10% biomass (agricultural pellets) is India's least-cost route to reducing coal power emissions in the near term. Also developing dedicated biomass plants and biogas from municipal solid waste. Source: NTPC Annual Report 2023
Cluster 11 · Future
What institutional sources project
Cluster 12 · Questions
Six questions people ask — answered
Is biomass energy renewable?
Biomass is classified as renewable by the IEA, IRENA, and the EU — because biological material regenerates, unlike coal or oil. However, biomass is unlike solar or wind: burning biomass releases CO₂ immediately, and the "renewable" claim depends on whether equivalent new biomass grows to reabsorb that CO₂. Sustainable biomass (certified managed forests, genuine waste residues, fast-growing energy crops on non-forest land) can be genuinely renewable and close-to-carbon-neutral. Unsustainable biomass (old-growth forests, peat, forests converted to energy crops) can have worse lifecycle emissions than coal. The EU's RED III sets binding sustainability criteria to address this. The answer: renewable in principle, variable in practice — depends entirely on the source. Source: IPCC AR6 · IEA Renewables 2024 · EU RED III.
Source: IPCC AR6 · IEA Renewables 2024 · EU Renewable Energy Directive III
How does biogas work?
Biogas is produced by anaerobic digestion (AD) — bacteria that break down organic matter in sealed, oxygen-free tanks. Suitable feedstocks: food waste, agricultural slurry, cow dung, sewage sludge, crop residues. The process takes 2–6 weeks. Output: biogas (55–65% methane, CH₄ + 35–45% CO₂) + digestate (nutrient-rich liquid used as fertiliser). The biogas can be burned directly in a gas engine to generate electricity and heat; or upgraded (CO₂ removed) to biomethane (essentially the same as natural gas) and injected into the gas grid or compressed for vehicles. India's Gobar Dhan programme promotes biogas from cattle dung (30 kg dung per day = 1 LPG cylinder equivalent per month). Source: IEA · MNRE India.
Source: IEA Renewables 2024 · MNRE India Gobar Dhan scheme documentation
Is the Drax power station sustainable?
Drax is a highly contested facility. Drax Group's position: the wood pellets it burns come from certified sustainably managed forests in the USA and Canada (SBP certified), the carbon from burning regenerates in the forest within decades, and Drax displaces coal in the UK grid. Critics' position (including several scientific papers and NGOs): burning forest wood releases more CO₂ per kWh than coal in the short term, the carbon debt repayment period (decades to a century for some forests) is too slow for climate goals, and whole trees (not just residues) are used. The UK government has provided Drax ~£6 billion in renewable subsidies since 2012 based on the sustainability classification. This is an active scientific and policy debate with genuine uncertainty. The Energy Codex documents both positions. Source: Drax Group BECCS documentation · Nature (2021) Biomass paper · UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero.
Source: Drax Group Annual Report 2023 · Nature (2021) "Woody biomass for energy" · UK BEIS review 2022
What is BECCS and is it real?
BECCS (Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage) combines biomass power with CO₂ capture — potentially making electricity generation carbon-negative: the plant absorbs CO₂ while growing, that CO₂ is captured at the power station instead of released, and injected permanently underground. BECCS is physically real — no fundamental scientific barrier prevents it. The Illinois Industrial Carbon Capture project (ADM, Decatur, Illinois, 40.13°N 88.77°W) has been storing approximately 1 Mt CO₂/year from a corn ethanol plant since 2017. Drax is developing 8 Mt CO₂/year BECCS targeting the early 2030s. The debate is about scale and sustainability: the IPCC's 1.5°C scenarios depend heavily on BECCS at 1–5 Gt CO₂/year globally by 2050 — a scale that would require land equivalent to India or more for biomass crops, with disputed climate, biodiversity, and food-security consequences. Source: IPCC AR6 · ADM/ICCS project documentation · Drax BECCS.
Source: IPCC AR6 WG3 · ADM/ICCS Decatur Annual Reports · Drax BECCS feasibility study
How does India's crop residue burning affect air quality?
India generates approximately 500 million tonnes of agricultural residue annually. After the kharif (summer) harvest in October–November, farmers in Punjab and Haryana burn approximately 20–23 million tonnes of paddy straw in fields — the fastest and cheapest way to clear fields for the next crop. This burning releases enormous quantities of particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), CO₂, CO, methane, and black carbon. The smoke drifts south to Delhi and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, where it mixes with urban pollution to cause severe "smog events" — PM2.5 levels reaching 20–40 times WHO safe limits in November. The government offers subsidies for straw management machines and biogas conversion under the SATAT scheme — but adoption has been slow. The root cause is economic: burning straw costs nothing; alternatives cost money. Source: CPCB India · TERI · ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research).
Source: CPCB India · Central Pollution Control Board · ICAR Annual Reports · TERI studies on stubble burning
What is the difference between first-generation and second-generation biofuels?
First-generation biofuels are made from food crops: sugarcane or corn (for ethanol), soybean, rapeseed, or palm oil (for biodiesel). They compete directly with food production for agricultural land and can drive up food prices when scaled. Second-generation (advanced) biofuels use non-food feedstocks: cellulosic material (agricultural residues, dedicated energy grasses like miscanthus, wood waste) or algae. They don't compete with food but are harder to produce — breaking down tough cellulose molecules requires more complex chemistry or heat. Raízen's E2G plant in Brazil and POET's Project Liberty in the USA produce cellulosic ethanol commercially. Third-generation (algae biofuels) remain at research stage — algae produce oil efficiently but growing and harvesting at scale is expensive. Source: IEA · IRENA Innovation Outlook Advanced Biofuels.
Source: IEA Bioenergy TCP · IRENA Innovation Outlook Advanced Biofuels 2023
Cluster 10
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Every source used on this page
IEARenewables 2024 · Bioenergy data · NZE 2050 scenarioiea.org/renewables-2024
IRENABioenergy 2024 · Innovation Outlook Advanced Biofuels · Biomass capacity datairena.org/bioenergy
IPCC AR6Lifecycle emissions · BECCS scenarios · Bioenergy sustainability rangeipcc.ch/ar6
FAOFood and Agriculture Organisation · Global forest data · Crop residue statisticsfao.org
WHOHousehold air pollution · 3.8M deaths/year from biomass cookingwho.int/household-air-pollution
WRI GPPDGlobal Power Plant Database · GPS coordinates · CC BY 4.0datasets.wri.org/gppd
Drax GroupAnnual Report 2023 · BECCS feasibility studydrax.com/investors
MNRE IndiaBiomass capacity · Gobar Dhan · SATAT scheme · Ethanol blending progressmnre.gov.in
EU RED IIIEU Renewable Energy Directive 2022/2414 · Biomass sustainability criteriaenergy.ec.europa.eu/red